View source for Health Insight

Everyday there is new insight into our understanding of [[Health Determinants]] and [[barriers]] that impact patient outcomes. This page will curate new insight. While health care is likely the most important determinant of health when a patient has an acute condition, studies show it represents only a part of an overall health outcomes:
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/global-healthcare-study-shows-room-for-improvement-access-quality Healthcare Global healthcare study shows U.S. has room for improvement on access, quality (5/22/17)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief_pdfs/healthpolicybrief_123.pdf ''The Relative Contribution of Multiple Determinants to Health Outcomes'' (8/21/14)] 
* [https://bipartisanpolicy.org/library/what-makes-us-healthy-vs-what-we-spend-on-being-healthy/ 10% of health outcomes are attributed to the clinical care a person receives according to the Bipartisan Policy Center. (6/5/12)]
* [http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/sites/default/files/differentPerspectivesForAssigningWeightsToDeterminantsOfHealth.pdf ''Different Perspectives for Assigning Weights to Determinants of Health'' (2/2010) Social circumstances 40%, Behavior 30%, Medical care 20%, Environmental exposure 10%]
* [https://www.uvm.edu/medicine/publichealth/documents/Schroeder2007nejmsa073350.pdf ''We Can Do Better — Improving the Health of the American People'' (9/20/2007)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/21/2/78.full.html ''The Case for More Active Policy Attention to Health Promotion'' (3/2002) Behavior 40%, Genetic predisposition 30%, Social circumstances 15%, Medical care 10%, Environmental exposure 5%]
* [https://galileo.seas.harvard.edu/images/material/2800/1140/McGinnis_ActualCausesofDeathintheUnitedStates.pdf ''Actual Causes of Death in the United States'' (11/10/93) tobacco (19%), diet and activity patterns (14%), alcohol (5%), microbial agents (4%), toxic agents (3%), firearms (2%), sexual behavior (1%), motor vehicles (1%)]
==Health Conditions ''Insight''==
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Health_Conditions_Determinants Health Conditions Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and [http://www.patientwell-being.org/general/what-is-personal-well-being/ well-being].
===Physical Conditions ''Insight''=== 
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Physical_Conditions_Determinants Physical Conditions Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/more-u-s-kids-have-chronic-health-problems-study The number of American kids suffering from asthma and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is on the increase, with poor children being hit the hardest (5/2/16)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/press-releases/2016/jan/analysis-of-death-rates-for-middle-aged-whites A lack of progress since 1999 against common illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, and respiratory disease was largely responsible for higher-than-expected death rates for middle-aged (45–54) white adults in 2014. (1/29/16)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2015/07/study-on-aging/ Don’t judge a person on their chronological age; their biological age might be a lot older than you think, aging study says (7/7/15)]

Arthritis <br>
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/03/07/arthritis-afflicts-about-1-in-4-adults-in-the-u-s-cdc-report-finds/?utm_term=.360146a12c9d Arthritis afflicts about 1 in 4 adults in the U.S., CDC report finds. 60% of those with arthritis are between the ages of 18 and 64. (3/7/17)]

Asthma <br>
* [http://khn.org/news/stateline-states-asthma/ Nationwide, one in 10 children has asthma. (4/16/14)]

Cancer <br>
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/03/no-cancer-isnt-mostly-bad-luck/521049/ Scientists don't agree 66% of cancer is due to bad luck (3/28/17)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521219318/cancer-is-partly-caused-by-bad-luck-study-finds Study: Causes of cancer, 66% from random mutations during cell division (bad luck), about 29% from environment and remaining 5% due to heredity. (3/23/17)]
* [http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-cancer-drop-20170105-story.html Death rate from cancer now 25% lower than it was 25 years ago, report says (1/5/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/cdc-brain-cancer-now-killing-more-children-than-leukemia.html CDC: Brain cancer now killing more children than leukemia (9/16/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/cancer-overtakes-heart-disease-as-leading-cause-of-death-in-22-states-3-things-to-know.html Cancer overtakes heart disease as leading cause of death in 22 states (8/25/16)]
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150101142318.htm Study shows two-thirds of adult cancer incidence across tissues can be explained primarily by “bad luck,” when these random mutations occur in genes, while the remaining third are due to environmental factors and inherited genes. (1/1/15)]

Chronic Pain <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/opioids/4-things-to-know-about-the-rising-rates-of-chronic-pain-in-the-us.html Number of Americans in their 60s reporting chronic pain increased from 10% in 1998 to 37% in 2010. (3/16/17)]
* [https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-analysis-shows-americans-are-pain Estimated 25.3 million adults (11.2%) had pain every day for the preceding 3 months. Nearly 40 million adults (17.6%) experience severe levels of pain. (8/11/15)]
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2014/04/chronic-pain-effect-patients-families.html Chronic pain and the effect on patients’ families (4/17/14)]

COPD <br>
* [https://www.cdc.gov/copd/index.html Chronic lower respiratory disease, primarily COPD, is the third leading cause of death in the United States (3/12/15)]

Cystic Fibrosis <br>
* [https://www.statnews.com/2017/03/13/cystic-fibrosis-canadians-americans/ Canadians with cystic fibrosis outlive Americans by a decade (3/13/17)]
Diabetes <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/diabetes-more-deadly-than-previously-thought-researchers-say.html Diabetes causes 12 percent of deaths in the United States, making it the third-leading cause of death in the country, according to a new study (1/26/17)] 
* [http://khn.org/news/health-claims-on-the-rise-for-kids-with-type-2-diabetes-obesity-related-conditions/amp/ Health Claims On The Rise For Kids’ With Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity-Related Conditions (1/2/17)]
* [http://khn.org/news/diabetes-linked-to-risk-of-mental-health-hospitalization-in-young-adults-study/amp/ Young people with diabetes were four times more likely to be hospitalized for mental health or substance use treatment in 2014 than were young adults without the disease (7/22/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/as-childhood-diabetes-rates-rise-so-do-costs-and-families-feel-the-pinch-study/amp/ Childhood diabetes rates are on the rise. The spent $2,173 per capita in out-of-pocket health care costs in 2014. Nearly five times higher than that of kids without the illness. (6/20/16)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/americans-diabetes-reach-21-million Americans with diabetes reach 21 million (4/15/14)]
* [http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-sn-diabetes-study-20150908-story.html About half of all Americans have either diabetes or pre-diabetes. (9/8/15)]

Heart Attack Risk <br>
* [http://www.wsj.com/articles/heart-attacks-are-linked-to-what-patients-were-doing-feeling-1477923373 Performing heavy physical activity in a highly emotional state sharply raised the risk of a heart attack. (10/31/16)]

High Blood Pressure <br>
* [http://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm About 70 million American adults (29%) have high blood pressure—that’s 1 of every 3 adults. (6/16/16)]

Life Expectancies <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/death-rates-for-americans-in-prime-years-rise-after-century-of-decline.html The death rate for Americans between the ages of 25 and 44 rose by 8% between 2010 and 2015 after a century of decline. (6/14/17)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/23/521083335/the-forces-driving-middle-aged-white-peoples-deaths-of-despair The mortality rate for white Americans, ages 45 to 54, increased by a half percent each year from 1999 to 2013, attributed to increase in suicide, drugs and alcohol. (3/23/17)]
Non-Communicable Disease <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/5-diseases-that-kill-16m-people-cost-the-world-economy-2-35t-annually.html Five non-communicable diseases that kill 16 million people around the world each year, cost the world economy $2.35T annually. 1) Cardiovascular disease, 2) Mental illness, 3) Cancer, 4) Chronic respiratory disease, 5) Diabetes. (2/28/17)]

Obesity <br>
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/30/506433671/the-wrong-eating-habits-can-hurt-your-brain-not-just-your-waistline Being overweight can raise your blood pressure, cholesterol and risk for developing diabetes. It could be bad for your brain, too. (12/30/16)]
* [http://www.onemednews.com/2016/12/18/nyt-obesity/ Researchers say, is that obesity and its precursor — being overweight — are not one disease but instead, like cancer, are many. (12/12/16)]
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/12/01/nearly-half-of-americas-overweight-people-dont-realize-theyre-overweight/?utm_term=.2963e8177870 Nearly half of America’s overweight people don’t realize they’re overweight (12/1/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/another-reason-to-diet-experts-find-additional-evidence-of-obesity-cancer-link/amp/ Experts Find Additional Evidence Of Obesity-Cancer Link (8/24/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/obesity-rates-up-in-us-women-stable-in-men.html Obesity rates up in US women, stable in men. Obesity was 35 percent among men and 40 percent among women in 2013-14 (6/7/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/american-health-by-the-numbers-15-points-from-cdc-s-2015-national-health-interview-survey.html American obesity rate continues consistent trend upward in 2015 with estimated 30.4% of Americans over 20 years of age obese, more than a 10% increase from 1997 (5/26/16)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/11/1923.abstract Severe Obesity In Adults Cost State Medicaid Programs Nearly $8 Billion In 2013 (11/2015)]

Sepsis <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/sepsis-causes-more-readmissions-than-copd-heart-failure-heart-attack-and-pneumonia.html Sepsis causes more hospital readmissions than COPD, heart failure, heart attack and pneumonia. (1/23/17)]

===Mental Health Conditions ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Mental_Health_Conditions_Determinants Mental Health Conditions Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and [http://www.patientwell-being.org/general/what-is-personal-well-being/ well-being].

Accidental Poisoning <br> 
* [https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603073/big-pharma-and-distracted-driving-are-killing-americans-early/amp/ Accidental poisoning increased 13%. 97% percent of accidental poisoning was from drug overdoses and alcohol (12/9/16)]

Childhood Disorders <br>
* [https://www.statnews.com/2017/06/01/disruptive-behavior-disorders-children/ Childhood disruptive behavior disorders increases risk for substance use, violent behaviors, victimization, incarceration, and even premature death. An estimated 50 to 75% of youths who move through the juvenile justice system could be diagnosed with a mental health disorder. (6/1/17)]

Depression <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/who-depression-leading-cause-of-illness-disability-worldwide.html Depression is the leading cause of illness, disability worldwide according to the World Health Organization (3/31/17)]
* [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/11/10/peds.2016-1878#T1 The prevalence of major depressive episodes (MDEs) in adolescents (age 12-17) has increased from 13.1% for girls and 4.5% for boys in 2005 to 17.3% for girls and 5.7% for boys in 2014 (11/2016)]  

Dementia <br>
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/16/536935957/stress-and-poverty-may-explain-high-rates-of-dementia-in-african-americans Stress And Poverty May Explain High Rates Of Dementia In African-Americans (7/16/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/cdc-alzheimer-s-deaths-up-by-more-than-50.html In 1999, the rate of Alzheimer's deaths was 16.5 per 100,000 individuals. By 2014, this rate had increased to 25.4 deaths per 100,000, marking a 54.5% increase. (5/26/17)]
* [http://www.alz.org/documents_custom/2017-facts-and-figures.pdf Estimated 5.5 million Americans of all ages are living with Alzheimer’s dementia in 2017. By 2025, Alzheimer’s dementia is estimated to reach 7.1 million. By 2050, the number of people with Alzheimer’s dementia may nearly triple to a projected 13.8 million, barring the development of medical breakthroughs to prevent or cure Alzheimer’s disease. (3/2017)]
* [http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2587084 Dementia prevalence among US adults 65 years or older declined significantly, from 11.6% in 2000 to 8.8% in 2012. (11/21/16)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/hospitals/10-alzheimer-s-patients-had-preventable-hospital-stays One in 10 Alzheimer’s patients have preventable hospital stays (7/27/16)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/03/30/472295791/big-financial-costs-are-part-of-alzheimers-toll-on-families Big Financial Costs Are Part Of Alzheimer's Toll On Families (3/30/16)]
* [http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/02/10/study-finds-dementia-rates-decline/80016390/ Rates of dementia dropped 44% from the late 1970s to the early 2010s. (2/11/16)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/how-dementia-drives-er-visits-admissions-and-mortality-rates How dementia drives ER visits, admissions and mortality rates (11/16/15)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/10/1642.abstract Dementia has a disproportionate impact on family and unpaid caregiving to older adults] (10/2015)
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/10/1637.abstract Adults with probable dementia received 171 hours of monthly informal care, versus 89 hours for cognitively impaired adults without dementia and 66 hours for cognitively normal adults 10/2015)]

Mental Health Disorders <br>
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/6/1024.abstract Social determinants of health, such as poverty and minority background, severely disadvantage many people with mental disorders. Innovative federal, state, and local programs have combined social services with mental health interventions to try addressing this. (6/2017)] 
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2016/07/25/patients-with-severe-schizophrenia-arent-getting-the-help-they-need/ Patients With Severe Schizophrenia Aren’t Getting The Help They Need (7/25/16)]
* [http://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/the-prevalence-and-treatment-of-mental-illness-today An estimated 26% of American adults live with a mental disorder in any given year, and 46% will have a mental disorder in their lifetime.] (11/2005)
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/7-statistics-on-current-costs-outcomes-for-mental-health-and-substance-abuse-disorders.html 18% of adults in the U.S. have a mental, behavioral or emotional disorder. Most common are specific phobias (8.7%), such as those related to heights, spiders or flying, social phobia (6.8%) and major depression (6.6%) (5/27/16)]

Mental Health Impact on Health Care <br>
* [http://www.businessinsurance.com/article/20170306/NEWS08/912312232/Detecting-mental-health-issues-can-cut-workers-comp-claims-costs Detecting mental health issues can cut workers comp claims costs. Hartford Financial Services Group analyzed its workers comp claim data from 2002 to 2015 and found that 10% of claims featured at least one psychosocial issue, and that those claims account for 60% of claims costs. (3/6/17)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/blog/2016/nov/behavioral-health-high-need-adults High-need adults—defined as those with three or more chronic conditions and a functional limitation—who have a diagnosed behavioral health condition among their multiple chronic conditions make greater use of some health care services than their counterparts without a behavioral health condition (11/22/16)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/36.abstract Patients With High Mental Health Costs Incur Over 30 Percent More Costs Than Other High-Cost Patients (1/2016)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/most-readmissions-aren-t-linked-to-suboptimal-care-study-finds.html A large number of 30-day readmissions are not caused by poor-quality care but are instead related to mental health, substance abuse or homelessness. (6/15/16)]

Opioid Addiction <br>
* [http://khn.org/news/patients-with-mental-disorders-get-half-of-all-opioid-prescriptions/ Patients With Mental Disorders Get Half Of All Opioid Prescriptions (6/26/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/opioids/ahrq-report-us-hospitals-see-sharp-rise-in-opioid-related-inpatient-stays-ed-visits.html Between 2005 and 2014, opioid-related emergency department visits nearly doubled and opioid-related inpatient stays increased 64% (6/20/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/opioids/cdc-likelihood-of-opioid-addiction-spikes-after-a-few-days-of-use.html CDC: Likelihood of chronic opioid use spikes with prescriptions longer than a few days (3/17/17)]
* [http://khn.org/news/study-health-spending-related-to-opioid-treatment-rose-more-than-1300-percent/amp/ Study: Health Spending Related To Opioid Treatment Rose More Than 1,300 Percent In Four Year Period (9/12/16)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/payer/prior-authorization-a-hurdle-for-patients-overcoming-opioid-dependency Insurer rules a hurdle for patients overcoming opioid dependency (8/5/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/opioid-dependence-leads-to-tsunami-of-medical-services-study-finds/amp/ 3000% increase Opioid Dependence Leads To ‘Tsunami’ Of Medical Services, Study Finds (8/1/16)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/opioid-ods-caused-100k-er-visits-2010 Prescription opioid overdoses prompted more than 100,000 emergency department (ED) visits in 2010 and cost hospitals more than $2 billion (11/13/14)]
* [http://thehealthcareblog.com/blog/2015/05/15/patient-centered-research-can-improve-chronic-pain-care-and-address-opioid-abuse/ Patient-Centered Research Can Improve Chronic Pain Care and Address Opioid Abuse (5/15/15)]

Stress <br>
* [http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2016/coping-with-change.pdf Americans reporting at least one symptom of stress over the past month rose from 71% in August 2016 to 80% in January 2017. This includes headache (34%), feeling overwhelmed (33%), feeling nervous or anxious (33%), or feeling depressed or sad (32%). (2/15/17)]
* [http://mashable.com/2017/01/12/chronic-stress-heart-attacks-study.amp Emotional stress has long been considered a major risk factor for heart disease. A new study suggests that heightened activity in the amygdala (the brain's fear and stress region) is associated with a greater risk of heart disease and stroke. (1/12/17)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/09/27/494922257/chill-out-stress-can-override-benefits-of-healthy-eating Stress Can Override Benefits Of Healthful Eating (9/27/16)]

Substance Use Disorder <br>
* [http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2587685 Nearly 21 million people in the United States have a substance use disorder, comparable with the number of people diagnosed with diabetes and 1.5 times the prevalence of all cancers combined. (11/17/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/share-of-us-employees-testing-positive-for-illicit-drug-reaches-10-year-peak.html 4% of all employee drug tests were positive for illicit drugs (i.e., marijuana, heroin,methamphetamines) in 2015, a 10-year peak. (9/15/16)]
* [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-05/hfhs-med051514.php Most emergency department 'super-frequent users' have a substance abuse addiction (5/17/14)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/7-statistics-on-current-costs-outcomes-for-mental-health-and-substance-abuse-disorders.html Alcohol dependence or abuse (17 million) was the most commonly reported substance abuse disorder in 2014. 7.1 million reported having an illicit drug use disorder, 4.2 million reported a marijuana use disorder and 1.9 million reported having a pain reliever disorder. (5/27/16)]

Suicide <br>
* [http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/study-machine-learning-shows-promise-toward-accurately-identifying-suicidal-behavior Study found machine learning is 93% accurate in correctly identifying a suicidal person, and 85% accurate in determining differential diagnosis of mental illness (11/8/16)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/11/04/500659746/middle-school-suicides-reach-an-all-time-high Middle School Suicides Reach An All-Time High (11/4/16)]

Treating Mental Health <br>
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2016/05/13/hlthaff.2015.1659.abstract Mental Disorders top the list of the most costly conditions in the United States: $201 Billion] (5/2016)

===Functional Conditions ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Functional_Conditions_Determinants Functional Conditions Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and [http://www.patientwell-being.org/general/what-is-personal-well-being/ well-being].
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2014/11/18/challenges-for-people-with-disabilities-within-the-health-care-safety-net/ Challenges For People With Disabilities Within The Health Care Safety Net. Nearly 57 million Americans had disabilities in 2010. (11/18/14)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/patients-functional-independence-may-predict-readmissions Patients' functional independence may predict readmissions (5/6/14)]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92521/ About 100 million adults in the United States were affected by chronic pain, including joint pain or arthritis limiting their functional status and adversely impacting their quality of life. The total financial cost of pain to society (health care and productivity estimates) ranges from $560 to $635 billion (2011 Study)]
* [http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/ Health and Retirement Study (HRS) surveys 20,000 people in America about income, work, assets, pension plans, health insurance, disability, physical health and functioning, cognitive functioning, and health care expenditures. (3/2007)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2015/09/hearing-loss-linked-to-increased-risk-of-death/ Adults ages 70 years or older with moderate or more severe hearing impairment have a 54% increased risk of all causes of death (9/25/15)]

Arthritis <br>
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/03/07/arthritis-afflicts-about-1-in-4-adults-in-the-u-s-cdc-report-finds/?utm_term=.360146a12c9d Arthritis afflicts about 1 in 4 adults in the U.S., CDC report finds. 60% of those with arthritis are between the ages of 18 and 64. 44% of people with arthritis report activity limitations of everyday tasks, such as walking or lifting bags. (3/7/17)]

Daily Activities Assistance <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/american-health-by-the-numbers-15-points-from-cdc-s-2015-national-health-interview-survey.html An estimated 6.9% of adults in 2015 over the age of 65 required assistance with personal care. (5/26/16)]
* [http://www.forbes.com/sites/howardgleckman/2014/10/08/nearly-half-of-all-seniors-need-help-with-daily-activities-far-more-than-we-thought/ Nearly Half of All Seniors Need Help With Daily Activities, Far More Than We Thought] (10/8/14)

Disabilities <br>
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/4/626.abstract If all five risk factors were eliminated, 53% of disability could be prevented nationally if five risk factors were eliminated. The largest were smoking (17 percent), obesity (16 percent), and hypertension (12 percent). (4/2017)]

Healthcare Costs <br>
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2016/aug/high-need-high-cost-patients-meps1 The average healthcare cost for adults in the United States (2009-2011) was $4,845, for adults with 3 or more chronic conditions and no functional limitations was $7,526, for adults with 3 or more chronic conditions and functional limitation was $21,021 (8/29/16)]

Homebound <br>
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26010119 An estimated 1.9 million U.S. adults age 65 or older are completely or mostly homebound, while another 5.3 million have functional limitations that make it hard to  leave their homes. (7/2015)]
* Homebound - [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/1/21.abstract Approximately four million adults in the United States are homebound, and many of them cannot access office-based primary care.] (1/2015)
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/q-and-a/2015/jan/invisible-homebound Treating the “Invisible Homebound”: Setting Standards for Health Care Provided at Home (1/30/15)]

Limitation in Usual Activities
* [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_259.pdf About 39.7 million persons (12%) were limited in their usual activities due to one or more chronic health conditions (12/2013)]

Limitation in Work
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/03/mortality-of-american-men-and-the-labor-force/520329/ 43% of men in America ages 25 to 54 who are out of the labor force report their health as fair or poor, compared with 12% of employed men and 16% of unemployed men. (3/22/17)]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_259.pdf About 13.8 million adults aged 18–69 (6%) were unable to work due to health problems, and 6.7 million (3%) were limited in the kind or amount of work they could do because of their health (12/2013)]

===Genomic Profiles ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Genomic_Profiles_Determinants Genomic Profiles Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and [http://www.patientwell-being.org/general/what-is-personal-well-being/ well-being].

* [https://www.ted.com/talks/moshe_szyf_how_early_life_experience_is_written_into_dna Epigenetics research suggests living things reprogram their genome in response to social factors like stress and lack of food. The biochemical signals passed from mothers to offspring tell the child what kind of world they're going to live in, changing the expression of genes. (7/2016)]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877678/ Scientists believe most, if not all, diseases arise from interactions between the genome, the epigenome (controls gene expression), and the environment (broadly defined to include social, behavioral, and physical agents). (5/2011)]

==Behavior ''Insight''==
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Health_Determinants#Behavior_Determinants Behavior] [[Determinants]] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and [http://www.patientwell-being.org/general/what-is-personal-well-being/ well-being].
===Activity ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Activity_Determinants Activity Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/5-things-to-know-about-america-s-unhealthy-behaviors.html More than 70 percent of U.S. adults report at least one of the following unhealthy behaviors: smoking, excessive drinking, insufficient sleep, physical inactivity and obesity. (4/5/16)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/07/17/behavior-change-in-the-era-of-health-reform/ Human behavior is a big opportunity to improve health (7/17/15)]
* [http://www.reuters.com/article/us-overweight-heart-uspstf-idUSKBN0GP1XA20140825 Overweight patients with risk factors for heart disease need "intensive behavioral counseling" about '''diet''' or '''exercise''', according to USPSTF. (8/25/14)]
* [https://georgevanantwerp.com/2013/12/30/8-risks-drive-15-conditions-and-80-of-healthcare-costs/ 8 Behavior Risks Drive 15 Conditions And 80% Of Healthcare Costs (12/30/13)]

Alcohol <br> 
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/american-health-by-the-numbers-15-points-from-cdc-s-2015-national-health-interview-survey.html An estimated 32% of Americans had a minimum of one heavy drinking day in the last year. (5/26/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/7-statistics-on-current-costs-outcomes-for-mental-health-and-substance-abuse-disorders.html Alcohol dependence or abuse (17 million) was the most commonly reported substance abuse disorder in 2014. (5/27/16)]
* Alcohol Consumption - [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/09/25/think-you-drink-a-lot-this-chart-will-tell-you/ The top 10% of American drinkers consume, on average, 74 alcoholic drinks per week. (9/25/14)]

Falls <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/study-elderly-patients-treated-for-falls-may-be-more-likely-to-suffer-later-adverse Elderly patients treated for falls may be more likely to suffer later adverse events, study finds (7/12/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/among-the-elderly-an-epidemic-of-falling.html The national rate of deaths after falls among people 65 and over increased by more than 35 percent between 2005 and 2014. (9/21/16)] 
* [http://www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/falls/adultfalls.html Over 700,000 patients a year are hospitalized because of a fall injury, most often because of a head injury or hip fracture.]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3864987/ The use of 4 or more medications was associated with increased risk of falling and the risk of recurrent falls (9/27/13)]

Lifestyle <br>
* [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1605086#t=article A favorable lifestyle (defined as at least three of the four healthy lifestyle factors) was associated with a substantially lower risk of coronary events than an unfavorable lifestyle (defined as no or only one healthy lifestyle factor). Among participants at high genetic risk, a favorable lifestyle was associated with a 46% lower relative risk of coronary events than an unfavorable lifestyle. (12/15/16)]
* [http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(16)00043-4/abstract Study finds 2.7% of U.S. adults meet criteria for ‘healthy lifestyle’ (4/2016)]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2515569/ Scientist assert Cancer is a Preventable Disease that Requires Major Lifestyle Changes. Only 5–10% of all cancer cases were attributed to genetic defects, whereas the remaining 90–95% is lifestyle factors including tobacco (25–30%), diet (30–35% - fried foods, red meat), infections (15–20%) the remaining alcohol, sun exposure, environmental pollutants, stress, obesity, and physical inactivity. (7/15/2008)]

Nutrition <br>
* [http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2017/06/07/ajcn.117.154872.abstract?papeto The frequent consumption of fried potatoes appears to be associated with an increased mortality risk. (6/7/17)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/22/528970924/pediatricians-advise-no-fruit-juice-until-kids-are-1 Pediatricians Advise No Fruit Juice Until Kids Are 1 (5/22/17)]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/15/well/eat/red-meat-increases-risk-of-dying-from-8-diseases.html Red meat increase risk of dying from 8 diseases (5/15/17)]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/26/well/diet-sodas-tied-to-dementia-and-stroke.html Diet soda tied to dementia and stroke (4/26/17)] 
* [https://www.statnews.com/2017/01/26/soda-sugary-drinks/ The number of calories per day that children and adults have been getting from soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages has been dropping for steadily for nearly 20 years, but new data show that since 2009 that number has plateaued. (1/26/17)] 
* [http://www.alzheimersanddementia.com/article/S1552-5260(17)30050-X/fulltext Excess sugar consumption has been linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in animal models. (1/24/17)]
* [http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2529628 Dietary Intake Among US Adults, 1999-2012 Improved. The American Heart Association (AHA) primary diet score (maximum of 50 points) improved from 19.0 to 21.2 (an improvement of 11.6%). (6/21/16)]
* [http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/03/more-than-half-of-what-americans-eat-is-ultra-processed/472791/ More Than Half of What Americans Eat Is 'Ultra-Processed'. And those foods account for 90 percent of U.S. added sugar intake, new research says.(3/10/16)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/11/1916.abstract Improvements In US Diet Helped Reduce Disease Burden And Lower Premature Deaths, 1999–2012; Overall Diet Remains Poor (11/2015)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/11/1940.abstract Foods with the largest positive associations with three-year excess weight gain (among children and adolescents) were fat spread (butter or margarine), coated (breaded or battered) poultry, potatoes cooked in oil (French fries, roasted potatoes, and potato chips), coated fish, processed meats, other meats, desserts and sweets, milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages (11/2015)]
* [http://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/sugary-drinks-linked-high-death-tolls-worldwide Consumption of sugary drinks may lead to an estimated 184,000 adult deaths each year (6/29/15)]
* [http://openheart.bmj.com/content/2/1/e000196.full US and UK governments dietary guidelines introduced in 1977 and 1983 to reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) by reducing fat intake didn't have studies to support it. (2/9/15)]

Physical Activity <br>
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/06/26/teenagers-are-as-sedentary-as-60-year-olds-by-age-19/?utm_term=.127016b508d0 Teenagers are as sedentary as 60-year-olds by age 19 (6/26/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/johns-hopkins-us-could-save-21b-in-healthcare-costs-if-kids-played-outside-every-day.html Johns Hopkins: US could save $21B in healthcare costs if kids played outside every day (5/15/17)]
* [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2017/05/06/kids-inactivity-rises-creating-health-care-time-bomb/101245982/ The percent of children aged six to 12 who were physically active three or more times a week had its biggest drop in five years and is now under 25% (5/6/17)]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/03/well/move/childs-play-is-good-for-all-of-us.html If all of the children who currently are sedentary started exercising every day in the United States alone, we could expect to save more than $120 billion every year in health care and associated expenses. (5/3/17)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/5/902 Modeling The Economic And Health Impact Of Increasing Children’s Physical Activity In The United States (5/2017)]
* [http://mashable.com/2017/01/15/why-being-a-weekend-warrior-is-still-good-for-your-health/#EQ6NSxU86kqy Researchers found that the weekend warriors who met physical activity guidelines were less likely to die during the nine-year study period, compared with people who didn't get any exercise. A total of at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity or 75 minutes of vigorous activity over one or two days a week. (1/15/17)]
* [https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602706/pokemon-go-increased-us-activity-levels-by-144-billion-steps-in-just-30-days/ Pokemon Go Increased U.S. Activity Levels by 144 Billion Steps in Just 30 Days (10/21/16)]
* [http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/09/28/well/move/after-just-10-days-of-rest-brain-benefits-of-exercise-diminish.html?_r=0&referer=http://khn.org/morning-breakout/first-edition-september-28-2016/ Brain Benefits of Exercise Diminish After Short Rest (9/28/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/cdc-more-than-a-quarter-of-adults-over-50-get-no-exercise-outside-of-daily-life-activities.html CDC: More than a quarter of adults over 50 get no exercise outside of daily life activities (9/20/16)]
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/07/27/study-suggests-new-formula-for-physical-activity-8-hours-of-sitting-means-1-hour-of-exercise/ Study suggests 1 hour of activity per 8 hours of sitting (7/27/16)]
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/sitting-can-be-bad-especially-if-you-do-it-for-more-than-10-hours-a-day/2016/07/22/43f7f228-4f77-11e6-aa14-e0c1087f7583_story.html Sitting can be bad, especially if you do it for more than 10 hours a day (7/24/16)]
* [https://medlineplus.gov/podcast/transcript071816.html Moderate exercise is associated with a reduced risk of 13 types of cancer (7/18/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/american-health-by-the-numbers-15-points-from-cdc-s-2015-national-health-interview-survey.html The percentage of adults over 18 who met the 2008 federal physical activity guidelines for aerobic activity increased from 41.4 percent in 2006 to 49.5 percent in 2012. That rate has remained stable through 2015. (5/26/16)]
* [https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-common-fund-launches-physical-activity-research-program NIH Common Fund launches physical activity research program to identify biological molecules that change in response to exercise (6/11/15)]
* [http://www.reuters.com/article/us-sedentary-television-mortality-idUSKBN0F65BW20140701 Too much TV tied to premature death (7/1/14)]

Risky Behaviors <br>
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/29/health/car-accidents-child-deaths-seat-belts.html Car Accidents Remain a Top Child Killer, and Belts a Reliable Savior (5/29/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/study-finds-high-risk-behaviors-often-persist-even-after-cancer-diagnoses.html Study finds high-risk behaviors often persist after cancer diagnoses. 19.8% of women cancer survivors smoked, compared with 15.8% of women without cancer. No differences existed for fruit and vegetable consumption or body mass index. (9/6/16)]

Sleep <br> 
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/06/504448639/drivers-beware-crash-rate-spikes-with-every-hour-of-lost-sleep Drivers Beware: Crash Rate Spikes With Every Hour Of Lost Sleep (12/6/16)]
* [http://mashable.com/2016/11/30/sleep-deprivation-economic-cost.amp In United States, sleep deprivation costs up to $411 billion a year due to lower workforce productivity and higher risk of death (11/30/16)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/08/24/432764792/snooze-alert-a-sleep-disorder-may-be-harming-your-body-and-brain Snooze Alert: A Sleep Disorder May Be Harming Your Body And Brain A Sleep Disorder May Be Harming Your Body And Brain. More than 50 million adults in the U.S. have a disorder such as insomnia, restless leg syndrome or sleep apnea. (8/24/15)]
* [http://articles.latimes.com/2013/aug/29/science/la-sci-sn-sleeping-pill-use-cdc-20130830 One in 25 American adults takes sleeping pills to help them fall asleep and stay asleep at night (8/29/13)]

Smoking <br>
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/01/10/smoking-costs-the-world-economy-1-trillion-per-year-world-health-organization-says/?utm_term=.378ab21f3e8c Smoking costs the world economy $1 trillion per year, World Health Organization says (1/10/17)]
* [https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2016/12/13/study-finds-no-safe-level-of-smoking/ New evidence shows there’s no safe amount of smoking. One cigarette a day, or even less than that, still poses significant risks to your health. (12/13/16)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/10/501589893/cigarette-smoking-in-the-u-s-continues-to-fall Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says smoking rates have fallen from 21% of the adult population in 2005 to 15% in 2015 (11/10/16)]
* [http://www.sanger.ac.uk/news/view/smoking-pack-day-year-causes-150-mutations-lung-cells Smoking a pack a day for a year causes 150 mutations in lung cells (11/3/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/cigarettes-linked-to-nearly-30-of-cancer-deaths-6-things-to-know.html Cigarettes linked to nearly 30% of cancer deaths: 6 things to know (10/24/16)]
* [http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002020 A 10% relative drop in smoking in every state is predicted to be followed by an expected $63 billion reduction (in 2012 US dollars) in healthcare expenditure the next year. (5/10/16)]
* [https://www.boston.com/news/health/2016/05/24/kicking-habit-adult-smoking-rate-us-falling-fast CDC reports smoking rate among adults in the U.S. fell to 15% in 2015, down two percentage points from 2014. (5/24/16)]

Substance Use <br>
* [https://www.statnews.com/2017/04/19/opioid-addiction-relapse-science/ How drug use changes the brain — and makes relapse all too common (4/19/17)]
* [http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2587685 Nearly 21 million people in the United States have a substance use disorder, comparable with the number of people diagnosed with diabetes and 1.5 times the prevalence of all cancers combined. (11/17/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/share-of-us-employees-testing-positive-for-illicit-drug-reaches-10-year-peak.html 4% of all employee drug tests were positive for illicit drugs (i.e., marijuana, heroin, methamphetamines) in 2015, a 10-year peak. (9/15/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/opioid-dependence-leads-to-tsunami-of-medical-services-study-finds/amp/ 3000% increase Opioid Dependence Leads To ‘Tsunami’ Of Medical Services, Study Finds (8/1/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/7-statistics-on-current-costs-outcomes-for-mental-health-and-substance-abuse-disorders.html In 2014 7.1 million reported having an illicit drug use disorder, 4.2 million reported a marijuana use disorder and 1.9 million reported having a pain reliever disorder. (5/27/16)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/opioid-ods-caused-100k-er-visits-2010 Prescription opioid overdoses prompted more than 100,000 emergency department (ED) visits in 2010 and cost hospitals more than $2 billion (11/13/14)]
* [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-05/hfhs-med051514.php Most emergency department 'super-frequent users' have a substance abuse addiction (5/17/14)]

Weight Loss <br>
* [http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-fewer-americans-diet-20170308-story.html American adults either overweight or obese rose from about 53% a generation ago to roughly 66% more recently. 56% of overweight or obese adults reported in 1988 to 1994 they had tried to lose weight in the last year, it has declined to 49% in 2009 to 2014. (3/7/17)]

===Patient Activation ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Patient_Activation_Determinants Patient Activation Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.

Advanced Directives <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/1-3-u-s-adults-have-completed-advance-directive-study-finds 2 out of 3 adults fail to complete an advance directive (7/6/17)]
* [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/being-prepared-for-the-final-days/ Being prepared for the final days (4/27/14)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/lack-advance-directives-leads-to-unwanted-care Lack of advance directives leads to unwanted care (11/2/14)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-physician-relationships/national-healthcare-decisions-day-11-statistics-on-end-of-life-decision-making.html Only 20% of Americans have an advanced directive documenting their wishes for end-of-life medical care. (4/16/15)]

Delay Treatment <br>
* [http://go.americanwell.com/rs/335-QLG-882/images/American_Well_Telehealth_Index_2017_Consumer_Survey.pdf 67% of consumers say they have delayed seeking care for a health problem. They delay because: It costs too much (23%), It takes too long to get in to see a doctor or nurse (23%), They thought the problem would go away on its own (36%), They are too busy (13%) (1/2017)]

Health Literacy <br>
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2016/08/guide-surviving-chronic-disease.html A guide to surviving chronic disease (8/3/16)]
* Education - A [http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/26/us-cancer-cure-idUSBRE95P15320130626 survey] of patients with terminal lung cancer found nearly two-thirds did not understand that radiation treatments intended only to ease their symptoms would not cure their disease. (6/26/13)
* [http://www.imedicalapps.com/2014/09/knee-guide-app-educates-engages-patients-total-knee-arthroplasty-care/ My Knee Guide App Educates and Engages Patients in Total Knee Arthroplasty Care (9/25/14)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2015/05/video-replay-patient-education/ Surgeon entrepreneur develops video replay for specialist appointments to boost patient education (5/28/15)]
* [https://health.gov/communication/literacy/issuebrief/ 77 Million Adults Have Basic or Below Basic Health Literacy (2003)]

Health Screening and Vaccinations<br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/american-health-by-the-numbers-15-points-from-cdc-s-2015-national-health-interview-survey.html Percentages of adults who received an influenza vaccination in 2015 was 65.8% for adults aged 65 and over, 46% for ages 50 to 64 and 31.2% for those aged 18 to 49. (5/26/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/american-health-by-the-numbers-15-points-from-cdc-s-2015-national-health-interview-survey.html Percentage of adults over 65 years old vaccinated for pneumonia increased rapidly from 42.4% in 1997 to 53.1% in 2000. In 2015, the percentage rose to 63.5% (5/26/16)]

Healthcare System Engagement <br>
* A [http://mobihealthnews.com/23418/most-patients-want-their-doctors-to-prescribe-apps/ study] from Digitas Health found that 90 percent of chronic patients in the US would accept a mobile app prescription as opposed to only 66 percent willing to accept a prescription of medication. (7/1/13)
* [http://medcitynews.com/2014/01/trends-healthcare-giving-access-doctor-notes-can-stimulate-patient-engagement/ Giving access to doctor notes can stimulate patient engagement (1/6/14)]
* [https://www.healthit.gov/patients-families/blue-button/about-blue-button Medicare provides medical history on a mobile app (Blue Button) for patients and caregivers to share with doctors]

Medication Adherence <br>
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/07/12/536519077/took-the-wrong-medicine-by-mistake-study-finds-such-errors-are-on-the-rise More People Are Making Mistakes With Medicines At Home (7/12/17)]
* [http://health.usnews.com/health-care/articles/2017-04-19/many-heart-attack-patients-fail-to-stick-with-statins Many Heart Attack Patients Fail to Stick With Statins (4/19/17)]
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/07/25/more-than-half-of-adults-misuse-medications-study-finds/ More than half of adults and 44% of children drug-tested by a national clinical laboratory last year misused their prescription medications, either taking too much, too little or none of their medications. 45 percent of adults were taking drugs (including illicit drugs) that were not prescribed. (7/25/16)]
* [http://www.mcolblog.com/kcblog/2016/7/12/factors-attributed-to-medication-non-adherence.html 30% of prescriptions are never filled. 69% of nonadherence is due to behavioral issues, such as forgetfulness or procrastination, 16% was due to cost, and 15% say it was medication side effects (7/12/16)]
*  [http://www.imshealth.com/en/about-us/news/ims-health-study:-low-levels-of-adherence-and-persistence-remain-barriers-to-reducing-the-costs-of-diabetes-complications The U.S. could save $4 billion a year if more seniors with type 2 diabetes followed their doctor’s orders, according to a report by the IMS (7/12/16)]
* [http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijfm/2013/901845/ Study found that only 6.5% of patients (only 46 in study) adhered completely to the discharge medication list after average hospital stay of 4.3 days. The average patient age was 76, prescription medications was 10 and number of chronic diseases was 7. (2/24/13)] 
* [http://medcitynews.com/2014/11/study-medication-adherence-prompts/ Study: Medication adherence improved with proper prompts (11/17/14)]
* [http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/when-the-patient-is-noncompliant/ When the patient is non-compliant (11/15/12)]
* [http://healthcare-economist.com/2015/05/31/patient-adherence-to-antipsychotic-medications/ About 40% of patients with schizophrenia are adhering to antipsychotic medications (5/31/15)]

Patient Activation Levels <br>
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/in-the-literature/2016/mar/patient-self-management-capability In 2012, ED costs were 37% lower for those at highest activation level versus the lowest ($1,126 vs. $711). In 2014, the difference was 28% (3/8/16)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/in-the-literature/2016/aug/improving-population-health-management Patients who don't feel they can manage their health or navigate the health care system are more likely to develop a chronic disease over a three-year period than “activated” patients with good self-management skills. Low patient-activation levels are linked to significantly more hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) use. (8/23/16)]
* [http://hpr.weill.cornell.edu/divisions/biostatistics/pdf/Gerber-Research_Seminar_Talk-5-10-07.pdf Effect of the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) on Chronic Care: Baseline Findings from a Cluster Randomized Study (5/10/07)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/3/431 When Patient Activation Levels Change, Health Outcomes And Costs Change, Too (3/2015)]

Physician Office Visits <br>
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2017/03/can-help-doctor-diagnose.html How a patient can help their physician diagnose them. 3/19/17)]

Preventative <br> 
* [http://www.ajc.com/news/local/study-finds-percent-sunscreens-don-even-work-how-find-one-that-does/ergzPOJyVv0nM7ZG88yBHK/ Study finds 73 percent of sunscreens don’t even work — how to find one that does (5/26/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/study-addressing-alzheimer-s-risk-factors-could-lead-to-medicare-medicaid-savings.html Preventing and effectively managing obesity, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease can reduce onset and duration of dementia and reduce healthcare costs. (4/11/14)]
* [http://www.healthworkscollective.com/michaeldermer/279396/will-every-human-be-health-reward-program-when-it-comes-health-rewards-it-seems 74 percent of employers use health reward program (12/1/14)]
* [http://www.healthworkscollective.com/michaeldermer/193551/amount-reward-consumer-health-behavior What Size Reward Drives a Consumer to Take a Desired Health Behavior? (9/9/14)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2014/11/25/workplace-wellness-produces-no-savings/ Workplace Wellness Produces No Savings (11/25/14)]

Self Management <br>
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2014/07/patients-need-education-role-care.html Patients need education about their role in care (7/3/14)]
* [http://www.reuters.com/article/us-medication-errors-health-literacy-idUSKBN0FN1SK20140718 More than half of heart patients made mistakes taking their medications or misunderstood instructions (7/18/14)]
* [http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pressure-management-study-idUSKBN0GR2C220140827 Self management may reduce blood pressure (8/27/14)]
* [http://www.bbc.com/news/health-30556329 Only 7% of asthma sufferers were found to use asthma inhalers in the right way (12/20/14)]

===Resilience ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Resilience_Determinants_-_.28Psychological_Fitness.29 Resilience Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.theatlantic.com/amp/article/490841/ Psychological resilience plays a role in the molecular impact of traumatic experiences. Promoting resilience may have benefits for physical and mental health (7/12/16)]
* [http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/10/stressful-jobs-makes-life-shorter/412951/ Study: Stressful Jobs Make Life Shorter. Researchers found that unhealthy workplaces can affect mortality. (10/29/15)]
* [http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/10/how-stress-makes-you-sick/412699/ How Stress Makes You Sick. Feeling overwhelmed affects everything from digestion to stroke risk. (10/28/15)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/29/444451363/childhood-stress-may-prime-pump-for-chronic-disease-later Childhood Stress May Prime Pump For Chronic Disease Later (9/29/15)]
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/nadine_burke_harris_how_childhood_trauma_affects_health_across_a_lifetime How childhood trauma affects health across a lifetime (9/2014)]
* [http://www.nature.com/news/bacteria-implicated-in-stress-related-heart-attacks-1.15396 Emotional or physical stress can trigger heart attacks may now have a scientific explanation (6/10/14)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/12/2106.abstract Adverse Childhood Events (ACEs) on attributed to higher rates of chronic disease among children (12/2014)]

Optimism <br>
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/07/504709736/a-brighter-outlook-could-translate-to-a-longer-life A Brighter Outlook Could Translate To A Longer Life (12/7/16)]

==Health Competencies ''Insight''==
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Health_Determinants#Health_Competencies_Determinants Health Competencies] [[Determinants]] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and [http://www.patientwell-being.org/general/what-is-personal-well-being/ well-being].

==Social ''Insight''==
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Health_Determinants#Social_Determinants Social] [[Determinants]] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and [http://www.patientwell-being.org/general/what-is-personal-well-being/ well-being].
===Patient (About & History) ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Patient_.28About_.26_History.29_Determinants Patient (About & History) Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.asco.org/about-asco/press-center/news-releases/large-study-finds-association-between-marriage-and-cancer Large Study Finds Association Between Marriage and Cancer Outcomes (9/23/13)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/3/443.abstract The Critical Link Between Health Care And Jails (3/2014)]

Jail Involved <br>
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/05/499775644/helping-ex-inmates-stay-out-of-the-er-brings-multiple-benefits Early access to primary care for ex-inmates can bring down healthcare costs by keeping them out of the ER (12/5/16)]

Life Expectancy <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/american-death-rate-rises-for-first-time-in-decade-7-things-to-know.html American death rate rises for first time in decade. Rises in death rates from: Alzheimer's disease, heart diseases, suicide and unintentional injuries (auto accidents and drug overdoses) (6/1/16)]
* [http://www.pnas.org/content/112/49/15078.full.pdf Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century (9/17/15)]

Literacy <br>
* [http://www.georgiahealthnews.com/2016/10/health-literacy-life-or-death-matter/ Health literacy can be a life-or-death matter. 1 out of 3 adult Georgians is functionally illiterate. Without a clear understanding of their health condition, these adults are more likely to skip necessary medical tests and have a harder time with diabetes management or high blood pressure numbers. (10/31/16)]

===Responsibilities ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Responsibilities_Determinants Responsibilities Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0VO21Q Family caregivers may be sacrificing their own health to help loved ones (2/15/16)]
* [http://www.mhealthtalk.com/a-guide-for-the-older-caregiver/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=a-guide-for-the-older-caregiver A caregiving spouse who is between the ages of 66 and 96 and under excessive mental or emotional strain has a 63% greater risk of dying compared to those who are not tasked with caregiving. (1/17/14)]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1282240/ Quality of life: impact of chronic illness on the partner (11/2001)]

===Social Well-Being ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Social_Well-Being_Determinants Social Well-Being Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.

Defining Well-Being <br>
* [http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2330497 Most medical research focuses on disease rather than wellness. The diverse and interconnected dimensions of physical, emotional and social well-being. It includes achieving physical vitality, mental alacrity, social satisfaction, a sense of accomplishment, and personal fulfillment. (7/14/15)]
* [http://voxeu.org/article/origins-happiness Depression and Anxiety explains the largest variance in life satisfaction. Study shows eliminating Depression and Anxiety would have 4 times the impact of eliminating poverty in improving life satisfaction. (12/12/16)]

Competence & Control <br>
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/11/30/independence-its-what-older-people-want/ Independence—It’s What Older People Want (11/30/15)]

Loneliness <br>
* [http://khn.org/news/social-isolation-may-worsen-breast-cancer-prospects/amp/ Social Isolation May Worsen Breast Cancer Prospects. Women with fewer social ties — to friends, family, community and religious groups, as well as spouses or romantic partners — were 43% more likely to see their breast cancer return, 64% more likely to die from breast cancer and 69% more likely to die from any cause (12/13/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/patient-engagement/10-statistics-about-treating-patients-with-complex-needs.html In a survey of high-need patients (2 or more major chronic conditions like heart failure, stroke or diabetes requiring insulin, among other factors) 37% felt socially isolated and lacked companionship compared to 15% of other adults. (12/9/12)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/loneliness-a-bigger-risk-factor-for-death-than-obesity.html Loneliness a bigger risk factor for death than obesity (9/6/16)]
* [http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=137534&WT.mc_id=USNSF_51&WT.mc_ev=click The profound power of loneliness can depression and other serious health problems (2/3/16)]
* [http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/12/loneliness-social-isolation-and-health/418395/ How Loneliness Wears on the Body. New research supports the idea that social isolation is detrimental to physical health—and that companionship may improve it. (12/3/15)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/11/29/457255876/loneliness-may-warp-our-genes-and-our-immune-systems Loneliness May Warp Our Genes, And Our Immune Systems (11/29/15)]
* [http://time.com/3747784/loneliness-mortality/ Loneliness increases risk of death by 26%. Social isolation — or lacking social connection — and living alone were found to be even more devastating to a person’s health than feeling lonely, respectively increasing mortality risk by 29% and 32% (3/18/15)]
* [http://www.pnas.org/content/110/15/5797.full Social isolation and loneliness are associated with increased mortality (9/12/12)]

Love & Connection <br>
* [http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/isolation-and-death/362063/ Stressful relationships might be significantly shortening your life, are you better off alone? (5/13/14)]

Purpose & Meaning <br>
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/05/28/479751942/could-thinking-positively-about-aging-be-the-secret-of-health People with a sense of purpose and having positive view about aging in late middle age lived about 7 and half years longer than the people who saw aging in a negative light. (5/28/16)]

Social Influence <br>
* [http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1646997,00.html If a friend is obese, there is a 57% greater chance of becoming obese. (7/25/07)]

===Support ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Support_Determinants Support Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://khn.org/news/alone-and-aging-creating-a-safety-net-for-isolated-seniors/amp/ A growing number of seniors who find themselves alone just when aging and end-of-life care becomes real. They don’t know how to approach a casual acquaintance to ask for help when they need it most. (11/28/16)] 
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/healthcare-blog/population-health-means-asking-about-basic-needs-are-your-providers-ready-for-that.html Population Health Means Asking About Basic Needs: Are Your Providers Ready for That? (11/20/13)]
* [http://khn.org/news/lots-of-responsibility-for-in-home-care-providers-but-no-training-required/ Lots Of Responsibility For In-Home Care Providers — But No Training Required (1/6/15)]

Addressing Social Determinants
* [http://kff.org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/beyond-health-care-the-role-of-social-determinants-in-promoting-health-and-health-equity/ Improving population health will require broader approaches that address social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health. (11/4/15)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/07/21/with-the-aca-secure-its-time-to-focus-on-social-determinants/ Literature reveals that the vast majority of premature mortality and morbidity is attributable to social, behavioral, and environmental factors. It’s Time To Focus On Social Determinants. (7/21/15)] 
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2015/05/why-its-time-to-improve-the-social-determinants-of-health.html Why it’s time to improve the social determinants of health (5/1/15)]
* [https://www.icsi.org/_asset/w6zn9x/solvcomplexproblems.pdf Going Beyond Clinical Walls to address the other 80% of determinants that are often challenging to address in clinical visits. (10/2014)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2014/may/addressing-patients-social-needs Addressing Patients' Social Needs: An Emerging Business Case for Provider Investment (5/29/14)]

Caregiver <br>
* [http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/survey-70-percent-caregivers-say-tech-plays-no-role-or-minor-role-their-work Survey: 70 percent of caregivers say tech plays no role or a minor role in their work (6/27/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/patient-engagement/new-pennsylvania-law-requires-hospitals-to-educate-caregivers-upon-patient-discharge.html  New Pennsylvania law requires hospitals to educate caregivers upon patient discharge (4/27/17)]
* [http://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/research/surveys_statistics/ltc/2016/family-caregiving-cost-survey-res-ltc.pdf Study: Many Caregivers Spend $7K Annually Out Of Pocket, which is 20% of their income (11/14/16)]
* [https://www.fastcompany.com/3065403/the-future-of-work/the-hidden-caregiving-crisis-that-the-election-wont-solve The number of U.S. workers struggling to care for ill or aging loved ones is growing fast. But the support they need isn't. (11/8/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/study-elderlys-family-caregivers-need-help-too/amp/ Elderly Americans’ well-being is at risk unless the U.S. does much more to help millions of family caregivers who sacrifice their own health, finances and personal lives to look out for loved ones (9/14/16)]
* [http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2015/6/22/in-some-states-a-new-focus-on-family-caregivers In Some States, a New Focus on Family Caregivers. Nearly half of family caregivers administer multiple medications, treat wounds or operate specialized medical equipment. (6/22/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/who-are-americas-caregivers-nearly-a-quarter-are-millennials/ Who Are The 40 Million American Caregivers? Nearly A Quarter Are Millennials (12/3/15)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/human-capital-and-risk/15-things-to-know-about-caregivers.html 15 things to know about caregivers (11/3/15)]
* [http://mobihealthnews.com/48054/new-council-will-guide-family-caregivers-to-available-tools/ New council will guide family caregivers to available tools (10/28/15)]
* [http://www.mhealthtalk.com/caregiver-frustration/ Nearly one-third struggle in their caregiving role and want tools to help them and their family members. 64% feel stressed and overwhelmed; nearly half struggle with balancing personal needs and caregiving. (10/24/15)]
* [http://khn.org/news/dementia-also-takes-toll-on-unpaid-caregivers-study-shows/ Unpaid caregivers and family members spend more than 100 hours a month, on average, assisting elderly people with dementia (10/16/2015)]
* [http://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2015/07/14/ap-norc-poll-many-californians-unaware-of-caregiver-program Many Californians unaware of caregiver program for low-income seniors, disabled (7/14/15)]
* [http://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2015/valuing-the-invaluable-2015-update-undeniable-progress.pdf In 2013, about 40 million family caregivers in the US provided an estimated 37 billion hours of care to an adult with limitations in daily activities. The estimated economic value of their unpaid contributions was approximately $470 billion in 2013. (7/2015)]
* [http://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/ppi/2015/caregiving-in-the-united-states-2015-report-revised.pdf An estimated 43.5 million adults in the United States have provided unpaid care to an adult or a child in the 12 months period in 2014 and 2015. (6/2015)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2015/04/care-caregiver/ How Do We Care for the Caregiver (4/23/15)]
* [https://www.caring.com/about/news-room/costs-of-caregiving-2014 Nearly Half of Family Caregivers Spend Over $5,000 Per Year on Caregiving Costs (9/15/14)]

Transportation <br>
* [https://morningconsult.com/opinions/importance-nonemergency-medical-transportation-vulnerable-patients/ The Importance of Nonemergency Medical Transportation for Vulnerable Patients. One patient has to take two bus rides and walk a mile just to get herself and two young children to the doctor. (1/25/17)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/antifraud/fierce-exclusive-beneath-patient-transportation-arrangements-a-subtle-layer-fraud Unreliable or inaccessible transportation has emerged as a significant patient care issue. Legal experts say healthcare systems providing rides to patients raises concerns that they could be violating the Anti-Kickback Statute or providing a beneficiary inducement. (8/31/16)]

==Socioeconomic ''Insight''==
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Health_Determinants#Socioeconomic_Determinants Socioeconomic] [[Determinants]] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and [http://www.patientwell-being.org/general/what-is-personal-well-being/ well-being].
===Income & Work ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Income_.26_Work_Determinants Income & Work Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/how-working-night-shifts-furthers-health-disparities.html How working night shifts furthers health disparities (10/25/16)]
* [https://www.fastcompany.com/3064755/work-smart/study-finds-work-life-balance-could-be-a-matter-of-life-and-death Study found that those who work in high-stress jobs with little control are more likely to die sooner than those who have more control over and balance in their work. (10/20/16)]
* [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-07/why-are-so-many-men-not-working-they-re-in-pain A large share of American men between the ages of 25 and 54 who aren’t in the labor force may suffer from serious health conditions that are “a barrier to work” and suffer physical pain, sadness, and stress in their daily lives. (10/7/16)]
* [http://healthcare-economist.com/2016/09/26/effect-of-job-loss-on-physical-and-mental-health/ Job loss due to plant closures affects physical health adversely for individuals in the middle and lower part of the health distribution while those in best physical condition do not seem to be affected. The results similar for mental health. (9/26/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/low-income-patients-face-hurdles-to-care-at-public-hospital-in-miami/ Low-Income Patients Face Hurdles To Care At Public Hospital (8/28/14)]
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2014/03/screening-poverty-included-medical-curriculum.html Low socioeconomic status (SES) is a risk factor for a multitude of medical conditions including cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer, and mental illness. (3/15/14)]
* [http://www.nccp.org/topics/childpoverty.html More than 16 million children in the United States – 22% of all children – live in families with incomes below the federal poverty level]

Lack of Sick Leave <br>
* [http://www.wbur.org/npr/484960907/hassle-of-being-a-patient-can-turn-into-a-crisis-without-sick-leave Hassle Of Being A Patient Can Turn Into A Crisis Without Sick Leave. Third of working Americans say their jobs don't offer paid sick days (7/11/16)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/3/520.abstract Workers without paid sick leave less likely to take time off for illness or injury compared to those with paid sick leave. 3.0 times more likely to forego medical care for themselves and 1.6 times more likely to forego care for family (3/2016)] 

Low Income Impact on Outcomes <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/payer/socioeconomic-hardships-hurt-dual-eligibles-health-outcomes Sociodemographic factors are a major driver of adverse health outcomes for patients who qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid (4/2/15)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/employment-status-top-socioeconomic-factor-readmissions Employment status top socioeconomic factor in readmissions (12/11/14)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2014/08/29/exhibit-of-the-month-income-related-disparities-associated-with-negative-health-outcomes/ Income-Related Disparities Associated With Negative Health Outcomes (8/29/14)]
* [http://hin.com/Healthcare_Business_Weekly_Update/2014/06/06/data-dive-uncovers-socioeconomics-driving-er-visits-readmissions/ Data Dive Uncovers Socioeconomics Driving ER Visits, Readmissions (6/6/14)]

Work environment <br>
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/2/258.abstract?=right Social, Psychological, And Physical Aspects Of The Work Environment Could Contribute To Hypertension Prevalence (2/2017)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/10/1761.abstract Exposure To Harmful Workplace Practices Could Account For Inequality In Life Spans Across Different Demographic Groups (10/2015)]

===Financial ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Financial_Determinants Financial Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.hhnmag.com/articles/7416-look-to-income-inequality-to-help-explain-population-health Having less money is linked to poorer health regardless of personal habits. (7/5/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/federal-reserve-board-47-of-americans-struggle-to-pay-unexpected-400-bill.html  47% of Americans struggle to pay unexpected $400 bill (6/8/16)]
* [https://www.brookings.edu/research/what-growing-life-expectancy-gaps-mean-for-the-promise-of-social-security/ Life expectancy is higher for the wealthiest. Among American men born in 1940, the wealthiest 10% are expected to live on average 12 years longer than the poorest 10%. (2/12/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/costs-deter-low-income-patients-from-participating-in-clinical-trials.html Costs deter low-income patients from participating in clinical trials (11/3/15)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/more-americans-struggle-healthcare-costs 46% of Americas described paying for care as a hardship rather than affordable (12/19/14)]
* [http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20141006006149/en/Cigna-Consumer-Survey-%E2%80%98Health-Costs-Derail-Financial#.VDg8PvldXng 75% fear health costs could ruin prospects for secure retirement (10/6/14)]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/health/even-small-medical-advances-can-mean-big-jumps-in-bills.html?from=homepage&_r=0 New innovative treatments and technology is often out of the reach of low income patients. (4/5/14)]

Annual Healthcare Cost <br>
* [http://www.forbes.com/sites/danmunro/2016/05/24/annual-healthcare-cost-for-family-of-four-now-at-25826/#33aa77f75226 Healthcare Costs in 2016 for a Family of Four Will Be $25,826 (5/24/16)]
* [http://www.forbes.com/sites/danmunro/2015/05/19/annual-healthcare-cost-for-family-of-four-now-at-24671/#29d013444dfb Annual Healthcare Cost For Family Of Four Now At $24,671 (5/19/15)]

Fear of Healthcare Costs
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/53-of-americans-equate-unaffordable-medical-bills-to-being-diagnosed-with-a-serious-illness.html 53% of Americans believe receiving a large, unaffordable medical bill is as bad as being diagnosed with a serious illness (3/21/17)]
* [http://www.healthpopuli.com/2017/02/08/health-care-worries-top-terrorism-far-americans-minds/ Health Care Worries Top Terrorism, By Far, In Americans’ Minds (2/8/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/healthcare-finances-a-source-of-fear-for-75-of-consumers.html Healthcare finances a source of fear for 75% of consumers (2/7/17)]

Financial Stress <br>
* [http://www.healthpopuli.com/2017/04/26/financial-stress-health-risk-factor-impacts-americans/ Financial Stress As A Health Risk Factor Impacts More Americans (4/26/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/patient-engagement/10-statistics-about-treating-patients-with-complex-needs.html In a survey of high-need patients (2 or more major chronic conditions like heart failure, stroke or diabetes requiring insulin, among other factors), 62% of high-need said they experience stress about their ability to afford housing, utilities or nutritious meals compared to 32% of other adults. (12/9/16)]  
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/medical-bills-lead-to-serious-debt-for-some-americans-6-things-to-know.html 85% of employees in survey in 2015 reported at least some level of financial stress. 33% were assessed as having serious debt, such as student debt, medical bills and/or credit card debt. (7/20/16)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/54.abstract For Working-Age Cancer Survivors, Medical Debt And Bankruptcy Create Financial Hardships (1/2016)]
* [http://www.pwc.com/us/en/private-company-services/publications/financial-well-being-retirement-survey.html Survey shows 52% of employees stressed about their finances. 45% saying that financial matters cause the most stress, nearly as many as stress from job, health, or relationships combined. (2016 Employee Financial Wellness Survey)]

Food Insecurity <br>
* [http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/pop.2015.0127 Study of food insecurity in patients with high rates of inpatient hospitalization (“super-utilizers”). Forty adults with ≥3 hospital inpatient admissions within a 12-month period were interviewed. Using USDA definition of food insecurity, 30% were food insecure and 25% were marginally food secure. 40% responded that, in the past 30 days, they worried that their food would run out; 17.5% that they did not eat for a full day. 75% were unable to shop for food on their own and 58% were unable to prepare their own food. (12/1/16)]
* [http://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/impact-of-hunger/hunger-and-poverty/hunger-and-poverty-fact-sheet.html 42.2 million Americans lived in food insecure households in 2015 (29.1 million adults and 13.1 million children). (2016)]
* [http://pdf.aarpfoundation.org/i/455086-aarp-foundation-findings-on-nutrition-knowledge-and-food-insecurity-among-older-adults Nearly 9 million older adults in the United States experience food insecurity. (12/2015)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/11/1949.abstract Transitions Into Food Insecurity Associated With Behavioral Problems And Worse Overall Health Among Children (11/2015)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/11/1830.abstract Almost fifty million people are food insecure in the United States, which makes food insecurity one of the nation’s leading health and nutrition issues. (11/2015)]
* [http://khn.org/news/in-sunlit-paradise-seniors-go-hungry/ In Sunlit Paradise, Seniors Go Hungry (5/26/15)]
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2015/03/food-insecurity-undiagnosed-medical-problem.html Food insecurity is an undiagnosed medical problem (3/6/15)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/1/116.abstract Exhaustion Of Food Budgets At Month’s End And Hospital Admissions For Hypoglycemia (1/2014)]

Foregoing Treatment Due To Cost <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/survey-1-in-3-older-millennials-skips-medical-care-because-of-costs.html Survey: 1 in 3 older millennials skips medical care because of costs (6/8/17)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/press-releases/2016/nov/international-survey-release About one-third (33%) of U.S. adults went without recommended care, did not see a doctor when sick, or failed to fill prescriptions because of cost. (11/16/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/survey-half-of-aca-exchange-customers-skimp-on-healthcare-to-reduce-costs.html Half of ACA exchange customers skimp on healthcare to reduce costs (10/28/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/study-half-of-millennials-have-delayed-medical-care-because-of-cost.html Half of millennials have delayed medical care because of cost (1/1/16)]
* [http://www.gallup.com/poll/187190/cost-delays-healthcare-one-three.aspx 31% Americans say that they or a family member have put off any sort of medical treatment in the past year because of the cost (11/30/15)]
* [http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1872780 Financial Barriers to Care Among Low-Income Children With Asthma (7/2014)]* [http://money.cnn.com/2013/04/26/news/economy/health-care-cost/ 80 million people (43% of America's working-age adults) didn't go to the doctor or access other medical services last year because of the cost (4/26/13)]

Health Inequality <br>
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/06/05/america-is-a-world-leader-in-health-inequality/?utm_term=.7c7983e42f5c People in households making less than $22,500 a year, 38% reported being in poor or fair health. That's more than three times the rate of health troubles faced by individuals in households making more than $47,700 a year. (6/5/17)]

Medical Bills <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/half-of-uninsured-people-face-problems-with-their-medical-bills-9-survey-findings.html Half of uninsured people face problems with their medical bills (8/23/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/61-of-patients-confused-by-medical-bills-survey-finds.html 61% of patients confused by medical bills, survey finds (7/14/16)]
* [http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cdc-one-in-five-americans-cant-pay-medical-bills/ CDC: One in five Americans can't pay medical bills (9/30/13)]

Prescription Drugs <br>
* [http://khn.org/news/sticker-shock-forces-thousands-of-cancer-patients-to-skip-drugs-skimp-on-treatment/amp/ Sticker Shock Forces Thousands Of Cancer Patients To Skip Drugs, Skimp On Treatment (3/15/17)]
* [http://khn.org/news/faced-with-unaffordable-drug-prices-tens-of-millions-buy-medicine-outside-u-s/ Faced With Unaffordable Drug Prices, Tens Of Millions Buy Medicine Outside U.S. (12/20/16)]

Price Shopping for Medical Services <br> 
* [http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/survey-finds-healthcare-providers-benefit-from-up-front-cost-estimates-yet-many-patients-nyse-tru-2192070.htm Survey found 43% said it was somewhat or very difficult to get information on costs, while another 21% of patients had never tried to get procedure cost information. (1/31/17)]
* [http://khn.org/news/consumer-choices-have-limited-impact-on-u-s-health-care-spending-study/ Less than 7% of total health care spending in 2011 was paid by consumers for “shoppable” services. (3/4/16)]

===Health Insurance ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Health_Insurance_Determinants Health Insurance Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/08/upshot/a-medicare-drug-incentive-that-leads-to-greater-hospitalizations.html For sicker Medicare beneficiaries, increased Medicare hospital spending exceeded any savings from reduced drug prescriptions and doctor’s visits (5/8/17)] 
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/09/16/494139538/studies-link-cancer-patients-survival-time-to-insurance-status Studies Link Cancer Patients' Survival Time To Insurance Status (9/16/16)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/6/958.abstract?=right Insurance is paying for more of the cost of treating mental health conditions (68%) but not for Substance Use Disorders (46%) (6/2016)]
* [http://khn.org/news/new-health-plans-offer-discounts-for-diabetes-care/ New health plans offer discounts and give gift cards to encourage patients to use diabetes care (11/17/15)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/payer-issues/aca-health-plans-limit-access-to-specialists-7-findings.html ACA health plans limit access to specialists: 7 findings (10/28/15)]
* [http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/09/21/insurance-healthy-behavior-key-reducing-cost-chronic-disease/72563266/ Study showed total cost for insured members with no chronic conditions was $3,024 a year ($2,204 out-of-pocket) and members with two or more chronic conditions was $11,940 a year ($3,500 out-of-pocket). (9/21/15)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/why-doctors-must-discuss-costly-treatment-before-patients-receive-bills Why doctors must discuss costly treatment before patients receive bills (10/18/13)]

Dual Eligible Patients (Qualify for Medicare and Medicaid) <br>
* [http://files.kff.org/attachment/Testimony-of-Gretchen-Jacobson-Ways-and-Means-Committee-Subcommittee-on-Health Low-income people on Medicare who receive assistance from Medicaid tend to have more chronic conditions, as well as cognitive and functional limitations, than others on Medicare: 61% vs. 33% need assistance with one or more activities of daily living, such as eating, bathing, and dressing; more than half, 58% vs. 29% have a mental condition or cognitive impairment; 37% vs. 27% have five or more chronic conditions; 18% vs 6% rate their health status as poor. (6/7/17)]

Employer Sponsored Health Insurance <br>
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/interactives-and-data/maps-and-data/employer-health-insurance-premiums State-by-State Look at Employer Health Insurance Costs Finds Workers’ Premium Contributions and Deductibles Growing More Slowly But Eating Up Greater Share of Incomes (10/26/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/payer-issues/employer-family-plan-premiums-soar-above-18k-in-2016.html Employer family health plan premiums soar above $18k in 2016 (9/14/16)]

High Deductable Health Plans (HDHPs) <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/10-things-to-know-about-2016-healthcare-consumer-payment-trends.html Consumers insured through high-deductible health plans increased from 10 million in 2010 to 75 million in 2016. The average deductible for individuals with employer-based coverage doubled from $735 in 2010 to $1,478 in 2016. Patient payments to providers increased 58% from 2013 to 2016. (6/13/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/payer-issues/cdc-nearly-40-of-us-adults-have-high-deductible-health-plans.html CDC: Nearly 40% of US adults have high-deductible health plans (6/7/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/patients-with-chronic-illness-and-high-deductibles-more-likely-to-delay-care-study-finds.html Patients with chronic illness and high deductibles more likely to delay care, study finds. People with three or more chronic conditions were also nearly three times as likely to delay or avoid care as those without chronic conditions (25% compared to 9%) (11/23/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/given-the-choice-34-of-employees-choose-hdhps.html Given the choice, 34% of employees choose HDHPs (5/3/16)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief_pdfs/healthpolicybrief_152.pdf Nearly one-quarter of workers are enrolled in an High Deductable Health Plan, up from 4% in 2006. (2/4/16)]

Medicaid <br>
* [https://healthpayerintelligence.com/news/spike-in-late-stage-cancer-diagnosis-related-to-medicaid-cut Spike in Late Stage Cancer Diagnosis Related to Medicaid Cut (7/5/17)]

Medicare Beneficiaries <br>
* [http://www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/income-and-assets-of-medicare-beneficiaries-2016-2035/ Half of all Medicare beneficiaries had incomes below $26,200 in 2016 (4/21/17)]
Patient Out-of-Pocket Cost <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/medicare-cancer-patients-without-additional-coverage-hit-with-high-out-of-pocket-costs-4-things-to-know.html Medicare cancer patients without additional coverage hit with high out-of-pocket costs (11/28/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/patient-payment-responsibility-spiked-13-in-2015.html Patient payment responsibility spiked 13% in 2015 (6/28/16)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2016/may/on-medicare-but-at-risk 16 percent of Medicare beneficiaries (8 million) spent 20 percent or more of their income on insurance plus care. (5/10/16)]
* [http://www.healthsystemtracker.org/insight/payments-for-cost-sharing-increasing-rapidly-over-time/?utm_campaign=KFF-2016-Peterson-Cost-Sharing-Analysis&utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_fzaJSkoJE-fetaUk0iwQOwPP__Fpq1BkKAV4WPcOHEuKp1Ww3jVG7Fl41gr19-i_hWcUPOy The average deductible for people with employer-provided health coverage rose from $303 to $1,077 between 2006 and 2015. (4/12/16)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief_pdfs/healthpolicybrief_152.pdf Nearly half of workers are covered by an insurance plan with a general annual deductible of at least $1,000 for individual coverage. (2/4/16)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/high-out-pocket-expenses-narrow-insurance-networks-send-more-patients-to-ers High out-of-pocket expenses, narrow insurance networks send more patients to ERs (10/26/15)]
* [http://kff.org/report-section/ehbs-2015-summary-of-findings/ Workers with health insurance covered by their employers have an annual deductible amount for single coverage of $1,318. (9/22/15)]

Surprise Out-of-Network Bills <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/many-medicare-advantage-members-burned-by-out-of-network-bills.html Many Medicare Advantage members burned by out-of-network bills due to changes in network providers (11/28/16)]

Uninsured <br>
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/lists/2016/remaining-uninsured Why Do Millions of U.S. Adults Remain Uninsured? 1) The ACA excludes undocumented immigrants; 2) Nineteen states have not expanded Medicaid eligibility; 3) Many people still don’t know about the health insurance marketplaces; 4) Affordability is a concern; 5) Selecting a plan can be difficult: 6) Many aren’t getting the help they need. (10/21/16)] 
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/payer-issues/federal-estimate-of-uninsured-falls-to-record-low-7-statistics.html Federal estimate of uninsured falls to record low 8.6% (9/7/16)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2016/aug/who-are-the-remaining-uninsured Who Are the Remaining Uninsured and Why Haven't They Signed Up for Coverage? (8/18/16)]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/earlyrelease201605.pdf The percentage uninsured in 2015 was 10.5% (28.4 million) (5/2016)]
* [http://kff.org/uninsured/fact-sheet/key-facts-about-the-uninsured-population/ Uninsured nonelderly Americans in 2014 was 32 million. 48% of uninsured adults said the main reason they were uninsured was because the cost was too high. Over 5 in 10 of uninsured have family income below 200% of poverty. (10/5/15).]

==Environmental ''Insight''==
[http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Health_Determinants#Environmental_Determinants Environmental] [[Determinants]] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and [http://www.patientwell-being.org/general/what-is-personal-well-being/ well-being].
===Access & Logistics ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Access_.26_Logistics_Determinants Access & Logistics Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/hospitals/patients-lacking-pharmacy-access-likely-to-readmitted-to-hospital Patients in rural or remote communities with lack of access to a pharmacy may be more likely to end up back in the hospital (8/4/16)]
* [https://www.minnpost.com/health/2014/06/late-life-live-home-rural-seniors-need-food-socialization-support Late-in-life: To live at home, rural seniors need food, socialization, support (6/23/14)]
* [http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR578.html Roughly 1.3 million individuals (some 300,000 service members and an additional 1 million dependents) were at risk of living in an area remote from behavioral health care. (2015)]
* [http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/sites/default/files/Parity%20or%20Disparity%20Report%20FINAL.pdf There is only 1 mental health provider for every 790 individuals. One out of three adults with disability could not see a doctor because of costs. (2015)]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265215/ Transportation barriers to health care access are common, and greater for vulnerable populations. (12/2013)]

===Community ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Community_Determinants Community Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.

* [http://cdnfiles.americashealthrankings.org/SiteFiles/Reports/2015_Am_Health_Ranking.pdf America’s Health Rankings of Behaviors, Community & Environment, Policy, and Clinical Care determinants of health that directly influence health outcomes (2015 Edition)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Publications/In-the-Literature/2014/Apr/Community-Factors-and-Hospital-Readmission-Rates.aspx Community factors most strongly associated with lower hospital readmission rates include more general practitioners and fewer specialists per capita and the presence of high-quality nursing home care. (4/17/14)]
* [http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2014/01/recommendations-from-the-rwjf-commission-to-build-a-healthier-am.html Time to Act: Investing in the Health of Our Children and Communities (1/13/14)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/29/3/503.long Children had a 20-60% higher likelihood of being obese or overweight if living in neighborhoods with unfavorable social conditions such as unsafe surroundings; poor housing; and no access to sidewalks, parks, and recreation centers. (3/2010)]

Clean Air <br>
* [http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-air-pollution-alzheimers-20170131-story.html The surprising link between air pollution and Alzheimer’s disease (1/31/17)]
* [http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/09/28/world/air-pollution-smog-who.html?_r=0&referer=http://khn.org/morning-breakout/first-edition-september-28-2016/ More Than 9 in 10 People Breathe Bad Air, W.H.O. Study Says (9/28/16)]

Clean Water <br>
* [http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-lead-testing/ Water testing for lead levels found almost 3,000 areas with poisoning rates far higher than in Flint Michigan. Yet many of these lead hotspots are receiving little attention or funding. (12/19/16)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/finance/as-water-infrastructure-ages-cost-treating-infections-rise Researchers believe as much as $2 billion of healthcare costs each year is tied to the treatment of infections that lurk in water distribution systems. (9/19/16)]

Countries <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/when-it-comes-to-healthcare-u-s-once-again-ranks-last-quality-care-compared-to-other When it comes to healthcare, U.S. once again ranks last in quality care compared to other wealthy nations (7/14/17)]
* [http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/global-study-700k-smartphone-users-shows-link-between-obesity-and-activity-inequality Global study of 700K smartphone users shows link between obesity and activity inequality within country (7/11/17)]

Environmental Exposures <br>
* [https://www.revealnews.org/blog/14-million-kids-could-be-exposed-to-toxic-pcbs-at-school/ 14 million US kids could be exposed to toxic PCBs at school (10/12/16)] 

Food Deserts <br>
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2010-march/access-to-affordable,-nutritious-food-is-limited-in-%E2%80%9Cfood-deserts%E2%80%9D.aspx Some neighborhoods in US, mostly in low-income areas, have been dubbed “food deserts” because they don't have supermarkets or other food retailers that carry affordable and nutritious food. (3/1/2010)]

Food Safety <br>
* [http://khn.org/news/lead-detected-in-20-of-baby-food-samples-surprising-even-researchers/ Lead Detected In 20% Of Baby Food Samples, Surprising Even Researchers (6/15/17)]

Life Expectancy <br>
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/05/08/u-s-life-expectancy-varies-by-more-than-20-years-from-county-to-county/ U.S. life expectancy varies by more than 20 years from county to county (5/8/17)]
* [http://www.rwjf.org/en/culture-of-health/2016/11/tackling_life_expect.html A person born in Princeton, NJ can expect to live 87 years, his or her neighbor a dozen miles away in Trenton has a life expectancy of 73 years (11/9/16)]

Low Income Neighborhoods <br>
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/36/6/999.abstract One’s neighborhood may drive or influence health disparities, which can be understood as disadvantages in health associated with one’s social, racial, economic, or physical environment, originate in childhood and persist across an individual’s life course. (6/2017)]
*[http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/why-the-poor-die-young/477846/ A massive study of health and income found that smoking, obesity, and exercise are the most important determinants of longevity. Poor neighborhoods score worse in all of them. (4/12/16)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/8/1383.abstract People who live in lower-income neighborhoods have a higher rate of diabetic lower-extremity amputations than those in more affluent areas (8/2014)]

Neighborhood Violence <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/chicagoans-rank-violence-as-top-concern-in-health-needs-assessment.html Injury and violence was ranked as top concerns among Chicago's South and West Side residents, along with diabetes, nutrition, physical activity and weight, substance abuse and tobacco use, according to a health needs survey. (6/23/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/study-finds-link-between-neighborhood-violence-and-biological-stress-in-children.html Study finds link between neighborhood violence and biological stress in children (11/15/16)]

Noise <br>
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/well/live/noise-may-raise-blood-pressure-risk.html Noise May Raise Blood Pressure Risk based on a study of people who lived near Athens International Airport (6/13/17)]
* [https://www.healthworkscollective.com/noise-disrupts-circadian-rhythms-and-causes-other-health-issues/ Noise Disrupts Circadian Rhythms and Causes Other Health Issues (4/25/17)]
* [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2015/06/20/noise-pollution.aspx Quieting Down Could Save Billions in Heart Disease Costs. It’s estimated that 100 million people in the U.S. are exposed to unhealthy levels of noise, typically from automobile and aircraft traffic (although everything from leaf blowers and lawnmowers to loud music can also contribute). (6/30/15)]

Walkable Neighborhoods <br>
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27218630 Higher neighborhood walkability was associated with decreased prevalence of overweight and obesity and decreased incidence of diabetes between 2001 and 2012 (5/24/16)]

===Home ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Home_Determinants Home Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.mhealthtalk.com/common-problems-solutions/ The most common problems as you age in your home. (8/7/16)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/11/473749157/its-not-just-what-you-make-its-where-you-live-says-study-on-life-expectancy Life Expectancy Study: It's Not Just What You Make, It's Where You Live (4/11/16)]
* [http://www2.nhc.org/HSGandHealthLitRev_2015_final.pdf Ten ways improving housing can improve health (4/2015)]
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829214001087 NYC heat-mortality rates are associated with poverty and poor housing quality. (11/2014)]
* [http://www.commissiononhealth.org/PDF/e434bb61-64d3-4267-9dca-705b9d80ddaa/HousingFactSheetJun09.pdf An estimated 4 million emergency department visits and 70,000 hospital admissions were attributed to injuries at home. (6/2009)]

Aging in Place <br>
* [http://www.miamiherald.com/opinion/op-ed/article113730634.html Affordable housing, quality healthcare can let seniors age in place (11/9/16)]
* [http://www.stltoday.com/lifestyles/health-med-fit/health/want-a-better-chance-to-stay-out-of-a-nursing/article_c1b66d15-7afd-5b85-8e95-d83cc13d8f16.html Want a better chance to stay out of a nursing home? Modify your home (11/6/16)]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/23/health/at-home-many-seniors-are-imprisoned-by-their-independence.html?ref=health&_r=3 Many seniors living at home feel imprisoned by their independence] (6/19/15)

Environmental Exposures <br>
* [http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/07/gas-leaks-mold-and-rats-millions-of-americans-live-in-hazardous-homes/492689/ Gas Leaks, Mold, and Rats: Millions of Americans Live in Hazardous Homes (7/25/16)]
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2014/01/important-lesson-personalized-patient-care.html Controlling environmental allergens can reduce sneezing and nasal congestion that trigger asthma (1/1/14)]
* [http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/radon/radon-fact-sheet Scientists estimate that lung cancer deaths could be reduced by 2 to 4% by addressing the one in 15 homes the EPA believes has too much radon exposure]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/multi-faceted-home-ventilation-intervention-reduces-copd-readmissions-study-finds Multi-faceted home ventilation intervention reduces COPD readmissions, study finds (7/15/15)]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/ At least 4 million households have children living in them that are being exposed to high levels of lead (1/29/16)]
* [http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/research/2009/07/improving-the-health-of-all-americans-through-safe-and-healthy-h.html Approximately 40% of the 6.7 million children with diagnosed asthma are believed to be attributable to residential exposures (7/2009)]

Homelessness <br>
* [https://academic.oup.com/jpubhealth/article-abstract/doi/10.1093/pubmed/fdx034/3074503/Lifetime-and-1-year-prevalence-of-homelessness-in?redirectedFrom=fulltext Lifetime and 1-year prevalence of homelessness in the US population was found to be 4.2% and 1.5%, respectively (3/18/17)]

Noise <br>
* [https://www.healthworkscollective.com/noise-disrupts-circadian-rhythms-and-causes-other-health-issues/ Noise Disrupts Circadian Rhythms and Causes Other Health Issues (4/25/17)]
* [http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2015/06/20/noise-pollution.aspx Quieting Down Could Save Billions in Heart Disease Costs. It’s estimated that 100 million people in the U.S. are exposed to unhealthy levels of noise, typically from automobile and aircraft traffic (although everything from leaf blowers and lawnmowers to loud music can also contribute). (6/30/15)]

===Technology & Apps ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Technology_.26_Apps_Determinants Technology & Apps Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [https://www.engadget.com/amp/2017/07/11/lumosity-does-not-improve-cognitive-skills/ Lumosity doesn’t actually improve your cognitive skills (7/11/17)]
* [http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/health/sc-devices-to-track-wandering-kids-with-autism-health-0517-20170508-story.html 96% of parents surveyed who said they were using an electronic tracking device for their child with autism claimed it improved their quality of life (5/8/17)]
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jane-sarasohnkahn/broadband-connectivity-is_b_11059720.html Broadband Connectivity Is A Social Determinant Of Health (7/22/16)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2014/oct/vision-digital-health-tech A Vision for Using Digital Health Technologies to Empower Consumers and Transform the U.S. Health Care System (10/1/14)]
* [https://ehrintelligence.com/news/telehealth-visits-are-83-effective-less-than-half-as-costly/ Telehealth Visits Are 83% Effective, Less Than Half as Costly (12/16/14)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2015/may/mobile-health-and-patient-engagement-in-the-safety-net Mobile Health and Patient Engagement in the Safety Net: A Survey of Community Health Centers and Clinics (5/13/15)]

Decision Making and Condition Management<br>
* [http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/new-apps-aim-guide-men-through-treatment-symptom-management-prostate-cancer New apps aim to guide men through treatment, symptom management of prostate cancer (9/10/16)]

Devices <br>
* [http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/study-finds-patients-often-misuse-wrist-blood-pressure-monitors-leading-inaccurate-readings Study finds patients often misuse wrist blood pressure monitors, leading to inaccurate readings (9/7/16)]

Digital Health Apps <br>
* [http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/internet-mobile-disease-interventions-seem-work-longterm-studies-are-lacking Internet, mobile disease interventions seem to work, but long term studies are lacking (9/1/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/healthcare-information-technology/study-health-apps-near-meaningless-for-low-income-patients-with-chronic-conditions.html Study: Health apps near meaningless for low-income patients with chronic conditions (7/20/16)]
* [http://www.imedicalapps.com/2016/03/rehab-app-shoulder-rotator-cuff/ Rehab App Aims to Improve Shoulder & Rotator Cuff Repair Rehabilitation (3/21/16)]
* [http://mobihealthnews.com/content/commonwealth-fund-reasonably-small-number-chronic-health-apps-are-useful Some 43 percent of iOS health apps and 27 percent of Android health apps are useful. (2/22/16)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2015/12/copd-management-apps/ 5 digital health tools that could improve COPD management (12/3/15)]
* [http://www.imedicalapps.com/2014/11/cardiosmart-explorer-great-tool-educating-patients-clinic/ CardioSmart Explorer is a great tool for educating patients with cardiac disease (11/21/14)]

Digital Health Monitoring <br>
* [http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/jama-study-technology-self-monitor-blood-glucose-levels-no-better-traditional-management JAMA study: technology to self-monitor blood glucose levels no better than traditional management of type 2 diabetes (6/16/17)]
* [http://mobihealthnews.com/content/study-patients-are-more-compliant-alivecor-devices-traditional-event-monitors Patients are more compliant to  smartphone-connected heart monitor devices than traditional event monitors (5/5/16)]
* [http://journals.lww.com/neurologynow/Citation/2015/11040/Wearing_the_Detectives__Wristbands,_smartwatches,.23.aspx Wristbands, smartwatches, and other wearable devices allow for more real-time monitoring of seizures and other neurologic symptoms—and, possibly, more precise treatment. (8/2015)]

Home Automation <br>
* [http://www.mhealthtalk.com/top-home-tech-for-seniors-infographic/ Top Home Tech for Seniors (7/28/14)]
* [http://www.mhealthtalk.com/home-automation-and-home-health-care/ Home automation and in-home care aid gives patients independence without sacrificing their health needs. (3/25/14)]

Internet Access <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/mobile/a-growing-number-people-chronic-conditions-also-lack-internet-access A growing number of people with chronic conditions also lack internet access (6/9/17)]

Patient Portals <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/ehr/despite-federal-push-to-offer-ehr-access-patient-engagement-low Just 15% of hospital patients electronically accessed their medical records despite 88% of hospitals offering access. Nearly one-third of patients accessed EHRs offered by physician practices. (3/16/17)]

Technology Efficacy <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/mobile/smart-pill-bottles-didn-t-improve-adherence-for-heart-attack-patients-but-researchers-say Smart pill bottles didn’t improve medication adherence for heart attack patients, but earlier intervention could help (6/26/17)]

Technology Usage <br>
* [http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/survey-21-percent-americans-have-used-virtual-healthcare-78-percent-are-interested Survey: 21 percent of Americans have used virtual healthcare, 78 percent are interested (2/9/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/healthcare-information-technology/senior-citizens-rarely-use-digital-health-resources-5-study-findings.html Seniors rarely use digital health resources: 5 study findings (8/3/16)]
* [http://mobihealthnews.com/39189/parks-41-percent-of-caregivers-use-a-digital-health-device 41 percent of caregivers use a digital health device (12/18/14)]
* [http://mobihealthnews.com/38904/kaiser-members-who-use-app-are-more-adherent-satisfied-and-loyal/ Kaiser now has 70% of its 9 million members as active users of its online and mobile offerings, patients are more adherent, satisfied, and loyal (12/10/14)]

==Care Management ''Insight''==
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Health_Determinants#Care_Management_Determinants Care Management] [[Determinants]] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and [http://www.patientwell-being.org/general/what-is-personal-well-being/ well-being].
===Care Goals & Plans ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Care_Goals_.26_Plans_Determinants Care Goals & Plans Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2013/12/defining-patients-goals-care.html Defining the patient’s goals of care (12/11/13)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/newsletters/quality-matters/2012/october-november/in-focus Helping Patients Make Better Treatment] 
* [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1113631#t=article Goal-Oriented Patient Care — An Alternative Health Outcomes Paradigm (3/1/2012)]
Choices with Decision Aids (10/2012)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2014/12/29/the-challenge-of-financing-sustainable-community-based-palliative-care-programs/ The Challenge Of Financing Sustainable Community-Based Palliative Care Programs (12/29/14)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/01/02/implementing-a-care-planning-system-how-to-fix-the-most-pervasive-errors-in-health-care/ Implementing A Care Planning System: How To Fix The Most Pervasive Errors In Health Care (1/2/15)]
End of Life Planning <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/end-life-care-planning-fails-patients End-of-life care, planning fails patients (2/5/15)]
* [https://www.minnpost.com/second-opinion/2014/06/few-doctors-discuss-end-life-planning-heart-failure-patients-mayo-study-finds Few doctors discuss end-of-life planning with heart-failure patients, Mayo study finds (6/18/14)]
* [http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2014/Dying-In-America-Improving-Quality-and-Honoring-Individual-Preferences-Near-the-End-of-Life.aspx ''Dying in America'' - experts find that improving the quality and availability of medical and social services for patients and their families could enhance quality of life through the end of life (9/17/14)]
* [http://khn.org/news/too-many-people-die-in-hospital-instead-of-home-heres-why/ Too Many People Die In Hospital Instead Of Home. Here’s Why. (9/22/14)]

===Care Coordination & Protocols ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Care_Coordination_.26_Protocols_Determinants Care Coordination & Protocols Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/case-studies/2016/aug/on-lok Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) cares for frail elders in the community (8/12/16)]
* [http://www.jhsph.edu/news/news-releases/2015/four-in-ten-older-adults-burdened-by-demands-of-health-care-system.html Four in Ten Older Adults Burdened by Demands of Health Care System] (10/14/15)
* [http://medcitynews.com/2013/10/coordinated-care-critical-reducing-u-s-health-spending/ Coordinated care critical for reducing U.S. health spending  (10/8/13)]
* [http://www.healthcare-informatics.com/news-item/lack-coordinated-care-problem-older-patients-survey-says Lack of Coordinated Care is a Problem for Older Patients, Survey Says (4/3/14)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/3/474.abstract Breaking Down Silos Between Health Care And Criminal Justice (3/2014)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/special-report/5-pieces-care-coordination-puzzle 5 pieces of the care coordination puzzle (6/11/14)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/in-the-literature/2014/nov/international-survey-of-older-adults International Survey of Older Adults Finds Shortcomings in Access, Coordination, and Patient-Centered Care (11/19/14)]

Behavioral Health Integration<br>
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/33/10/1808.abstract Few ACOs Pursue Innovative Models That Integrate Care For Mental Illness And Substance Abuse With Primary Care (10/2014)]
* [http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF02/20150211/102944/HHRG-114-IF02-Wstate-KohnL-20150211.pdf About 10 million—or 4.2%—of adults in the United States suffered from a serious mental illness in 2013 were supported by 112 different federal programs (2/11/15)]

Care Transitions <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/hospitals/post-acute-care-needs-to-be-coordinated-but-it-often-not Only 30% of the 375 surveyed said that the post-acute care their patients received upon discharge was mostly coordinated. And a mere 7% reported they were fully coordinated. (11/131/6)]
* [http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/07/20/peds.2015-4182 Nearly 30% of 30-day readmissions to a children’s hospital may be potentially preventable. (7/2016)]
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2013/09/difficult-transition-hospital-nursing-home.html The difficult transition between the hospital and nursing home (9/5/13)]
* [http://khn.org/news/home-health-agencies-often-miss-medication-errors-endangering-patients/ One of the most dangerous junctures in medical care: patients leaving the hospital. Nearly a quarter had inadequately reviewed or tracked medications, sometimes even causing fatal events. (5/2/16)] 
* [https://psnet.ahrq.gov/primers/primer/11 Nearly 20% of patients experience adverse events within 3 weeks of hospital discharge, nearly three-quarters of which could have been prevented or ameliorated. (7/2016)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/hospitals/post-discharge-risks-persist-for-elderly-patients The transition from hospital to home poses significant risks to patients, especially the elderly, and gaps persist in care during this crucial time. (7/11/16)]

Episode-Based Payment Models <br>
* [http://healthpayerintelligence.com/news/unitedhealth-group-adopts-bundled-payment-models-for-surgeries UnitedHealth - has contracted through a bundled payment model to lower costs of hip, knee, and spine surgeries. 12/2/16)]

Fragmented Care <br>
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/in-brief/2016/nov/healthcare-fragmentation-frequency-diagnostic-tests Patients who visit multiple outpatient providers are at greater risk of having uncoordinated, fragmented care, linked to high rates of hospitalization and emergency department visits as well as lower satisfaction. Among patients with five or more chronic diseases, those with the most fragmented care had 542 tests per 100 patients and those with the least fragmented care had 258 tests per 100 patients. (11/28/16)]
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2015/12/poor-interoperability-affects-patients.html How poor interoperability affects patients. It often requires duplicate testing that is not only costly (e.g., CT scans), but also invasive and not without risk to the patient (e.g., bronchoscopy, biopsies). (12/17/15)]

High-Need, High-Cost Patients <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/hospital-superusers-pennsylvania-ring-up-1-25b-tab-0 Superusers represent 3% of hospitalized patients in Pennsylvania consumed $1.25 billion in health care costs. (6/21/17)]
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/theplatinumpatients/ Each year, 1 in every 20 Americans racks up just as much in medical bills as another 19 combined. (6/15/17)] 
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/share-of-us-employees-testing-positive-for-illicit-drug-reaches-10-year-peak.html 1.2% of employees are high cost claimants who comprise 31% of total health care spending according to a report on 26 large employers. (9/15/16)]
* [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1608511 Caring for High-Need, High-Cost Patients — An Urgent Priority (9/8/16)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2016/aug/high-need-high-cost-patients-meps2 Health care spending for high-need adults exceeded $21,000 per person, nearly three times the average for adults with multiple chronic diseases only ($7,526) and more than four times that of all adults ($4,845). (8/29/16)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2016/aug/high-need-high-cost-patients-meps1 High-Need, High-Cost Patients: Who Are They and How Do They Use Health Care? (8/29/16)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/press-releases/2016/aug/high-need-high-cost-meps Report Profiles The 12 Million Sickest Patients; Finds Health Care System Not Meeting Their Needs (8/25/16)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/blog/2016/jun/listening-to-those-living-with-chronic-conditions Top concerns of high-need patients include: Paying for Care, Accessing Care, Insurance Frustrations,  Technology Can Be Helpful, Getting Help at Home (6/16/16)]  
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/8/1312.abstract?=right For Many Patients Who Use Large Amounts Of Health Care Services, The Need Is Intense Yet Temporary. Only 28% of super-utilizers remained on top of the list at the end of a year. (8/2015)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2014/aug/high-need-high-cost-patients Caring for High-Need, High-Cost Patients: What Makes for a Successful Care Management Program? (8/7/14)]
* [http://berkeleyhealthcareforum.berkeley.edu/report/executive-summary/ 53% of California's healthcare expenditures are spent by just 5% of the population]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2013/11/challenge-frequent-fliers-20-er-visits-per-year-progress/ The challenge of frequent fliers: 20 ER visits per year is progress (11/11/13)]
* [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1315568?query=TOC& Hospital-dependent patient's medical problems cannot be managed outside the hospital. (2/20/14)]
* [http://khn.org/news/one-percent-of-costliest-patients/ Costliest 1 Percent Of Patients Account For 21 Percent Of U.S. Health Spending (10/7/13)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2015/oct/care-high-need-high-cost-patients Models of Care for High-Need, High-Cost Patients: An Evidence Synthesis (10/29/15)]
* [http://features.commonwealthfund.org/improving-care-for-those-who-need-it-most Researchers are focusing on high-need, high-cost patients—both because they need the most help and because they have the biggest impact on national health spending. 5 percent of the U.S. population accounts for 50 percent of the nation’s health care costs. (11/11/15)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/in-the-literature/2015/dec/primary-care-physicians-in-ten-countries Nearly 25% of primary care physicians in the United States report they are not prepared to care for the sickest and frailest patients, and 84% say they are not well prepared to manage patients with serious mental illness (12/7/15)]

Palliative Care <br>
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/44.abstract Palliative Care Teams’ Cost-Saving Effect Is Larger For Cancer Patients With Higher Numbers Of Comorbidities (1/2016)]

Partnering With Community & Social Services <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/accountable-care-organizations/what-organizations-do-hospitals-partner-with-for-population-health.html What Organizations do Hospitals Partner With for Population Health? (12/5/13)]
* [http://thehealthcareblog.com/blog/2014/12/28/the-trouble-with-home-health-care-care-coordination/ The Trouble with Home Health Care & Care Coordination (12/28/14)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/12/2104.abstract Primary Care Physicians In Ten Countries Report Challenges Caring For Patients With Complex Health Needs. Coordinating care and communicating with specialists, hospitals, home care and social service providers. (12/2015)]

===Care Team & Services ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Care_Team_.26_Services_Determinants Care Team & Services Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/05/04/526475132/to-bring-down-stubbornly-high-blood-pressure-it-helps-to-have-a-team To Bring Down Stubbornly High Blood Pressure, It Helps To Have A Team (5/4/17)]
* [http://khn.org/news/cardiac-rehab-improves-health-but-cost-and-access-issues-complicate-success/amp/ Cardiac Rehab Improves Health, But Cost And Access Issues Complicate Success (8/31/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/legal-regulatory-issues/ku-kansas-hospital-to-offer-free-legal-counsel-to-low-income-patients.html Kansas hospital offers free legal counsel to low-income patients (8/18/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-physician-relationships/team-based-care-can-have-negative-financial-impact-on-primary-care-in-ffs-environment.html Team-based care can have negative financial impact on primary care in FFS environment (8/10/16)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/07/18/485871530/cardiac-rehab-works-great-so-why-don-t-people-do-it Despite research showing that joining a cardiac rehabilitation program can help heart patients heal faster and even live longer; fewer than a third do. (7/18/16)]
* [http://thehealthcareblog.com/blog/2016/06/15/the-team-sport-of-diagnosis-a-culture-shift-can-reduce-missed-diagnoses/ The Team Sport of Diagnosis: A Culture Shift Can Reduce Missed Diagnoses (6/15/16)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2016/05/10/addressing-triggers-of-decline-in-older-adults-physical-cognitive-or-mental-health/ “Triggers of Decline” conceptual model developed to identify at-risk populations of older adults and to develop evidence-based practices to prevent the onset of frailty. (5/10/16)]
* [http://www.mhealthtalk.com/how-a-specialist-nurse-can-help-with-dementia/ How a Specialist Nurse can Help with Dementia (6/21/14)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2014/07/02/family-caregiving-and-palliative-care-closing-the-policy-gap/ Gaps in Understanding about Palliative Care - Reasons for Lack of Policy Support for Family Caregivers (7/2/14)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/06/30/325488110/online-psychotherapy-gains-fans-and-raises-privacy-concerns Online Psychotherapy Gains Fans And Raises Privacy Concerns (6/30/14)]
* [http://articles.philly.com/2015-04-01/news/60686734_1_health-policy-health-care-blood-pressure Annual Wellness Visit - It is now more a conversation about wellness and prevention then trying to find evidence of disease as it was in the past (4/1/15)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/62.abstract Only 10% of Medicaid smokers received cessation medications in 2013. (1/2016)]
* [http://khn.org/news/hospitals-step-up-to-help-seniors-avoid-falls/ Hospitals Step Up To Help Seniors Avoid Falls (1/12/16)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2016/05/walgreens-mental-health/ Walgreens hopes to screen 3 million on mental health by next year (5/10/16)]

Access to Care Management and Services<br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/patient-engagement/10-statistics-about-treating-patients-with-complex-needs.html In a survey of high-need patients (2 or more major chronic conditions like heart failure, stroke or diabetes requiring insulin, among other factors), 62% did not have good access to services that could help them manage their daily living activities. 58% did not have good access to an informed and up-to-date care coordinator. (12/9/16)]

Community Health Workers <br>
* [http://khn.org/news/hospitals-eye-community-health-workers-to-cultivate-patients-successes/ Hospitals Eye Community Health Workers To Cultivate Patients’ Successes (4/11/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/in-l-a-community-health-workers-are-part-of-the-medical-team/ In L.A., Community Health Workers Are Part Of The Medical Team (10/26/15)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/01/16/how-community-health-workers-can-reinvent-health-care-delivery-in-the-us/ How Community Health Workers Can Reinvent Health Care Delivery In The US (1/16/15)]

Community & Social Services <br>
* [http://www.rwjf.org/en/culture-of-health/2016/08/how_social_spending.html How Social Spending Affects Health Outcomes (8/17/16)]
* [https://thehealthcaremarketer.wordpress.com/2016/08/11/the-health-impact-in-5-years-hi-5-initiative/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launches new initiative – Health Impact in 5 Years (HI-5). Promotes list of proven non-clinical, community-wide interventions that improved health within five years and are cost-effective or have cost-saving over the lifetime of the population. (8/11/16)]
* [http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/05/02/social-service-shortfalls-hinder-health-boost-medical-spending/83625264/ Social service shortfalls hinder health, boost medical spending (5/3/16)] 
* [https://www.icsi.org/_asset/nsnyw1/sharingknowledgedata.pdf Sharing Knowledge and Data at the Community/System Level To Address Social Determinants (4/2015)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/07/14/to-lower-the-cost-of-health-care-invest-in-social-services/ To Lower The Cost Of Health Care, Low-tech social services also should be considered a key factor in our health care equation. (7/14/15)]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/chinav/ CDC launches Community Health Improvement Navigator (CHI Navigator) website (5/2015)] with tools and resources from [http://www.thecommunityguide.org/ The Guide to Community Preventive Services], the [http://whatworksforhealth.wisc.edu/ What Works for Health database (on the University of Wisconsin website)], the [https://innovations.ahrq.gov/ AHRQ Health Care Innovations Exchange], the [http://cdc.thehcn.net/index.php?module=promisepractice&controller=index&action=index Healthy Communities Institute Promising Practices] and the [http://healthyamericans.org/ New York Academy of Medicine/Trust for America’s Health Compendium of Proven Community-based Prevention Programs.]
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2013/11/understanding-intersection-health-care-social-services.html Understanding the intersection of health care and social services (11/10/13)]

Employee Wellness Services <br>
* [http://kff.org/private-insurance/issue-brief/workplace-wellness-programs-characteristics-and-requirements/ Large firms (at least 200 employees) are more likely to offer Employee Wellness Programs than smaller firms (81% vs. 49%) in an effort to promote employee health and productivity and reduce health related cost (5/19/16)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/1/71.abstract Premium-Based Financial Incentives Did Not Promote Workplace Weight Loss In A 2013–15 Study (1/2016)]

Obesity Counseling <br> 
* [http://khn.org/news/few-seniors-benefitting-from-medicare-obesity-counseling/ Few Seniors Benefiting From Medicare Obesity Counseling (2/23/15)]
* [http://khn.org/news/seniors-obesity-counseling-benefit-goes-largely-unused/ Seniors’ Obesity-Counseling Benefit Goes Largely Unused (11/20/14)]

Opioid Alternative
* [http://www.denverpost.com/2016/11/30/battling-opioid-epidemic/ How a Colorado health care provider is battling the opioid epidemic with non-pill pain treatments (11/30/16)]

Primary Care Physicians <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/practices/many-americans-don-t-have-a-primary-care-doctor Some 28% of U.S. men and 17% of women don’t have a personal doctor or healthcare provider, according to a government survey. (1/12/17)]

Virtual Services <br>
* [http://mobihealthnews.com/content/study-telemedicine-interventions-copd-rarely-improve-quality-life Telemedicine interventions for COPD rarely improve quality of life (5/4/16)]
* [https://ehrintelligence.com/news/telehealth-for-chronic-disease-patients-improves-satisfaction/ Telehealth for chronic disease patients improves satisfaction (5/12/14)]
* [http://www.fastcompany.com/3047894/the-future-of-work/how-to-turn-your-smartphone-into-your-personal-therapist Smartphone As A Personal Therapist. Could the technology that causes so much of our stress and anxiety also be the cure? (6/30/15)]
* [http://mobihealthnews.com/34027/12-virtual-visit-services-that-connect-patients-at-home-to-doctors-or-nurses 12 virtual visit services that connect patients at home to doctors or nurses (6/12/14)]
* [https://ehrintelligence.com/news/41-organizations-reimbursed-telehealth-services/ 41% of Organizations Are Not Reimbursed for Telehealth Services (11/13/14)]
* [http://www.healthworkscollective.com/thielst/285556/virtual-visits-cutting-healthcare-costs Virtual Visits: Cutting Healthcare Costs (1/2/15)]

===[[Healthcare Interventions]] ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Healthcare_Interventions_Determinants Healthcare Interventions Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2016/06/29/time-to-fix-the-black-hole-in-medicare-data/ Medicare pays for nearly 500,000 hip and knee replacement surgeries each year. Approximately 25,000 patients undergo procedures to remove and replace a previous artificial joint. Medicare program is unable to identify product failures, patient safety problems or performance of medical devices. (6/29/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/elderly-hospital-patients-arrive-sick-often-leave-disabled/amp/ About one-third of patients over 70 years old and more than half of patients over 85 leave the hospital more disabled than when they arrived (8/9/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/34-of-american-adults-did-not-see-talk-to-a-physician-last-year-3-report-findings-to-know.html CDC report: 34% of American adults did not see, talk to a physician last year (5/5/16)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/05/01/403611589/who-keeps-track-if-your-surgery-goes-well-or-fails For 99 percent of people in America, when they go in to have surgery, the outcome of that operation is not measured (5/3/15)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2013/08/iom-finds-regional-health-spending-differences-linked-to-post-hospital-care-provider-charges/ IOM finds regional health spending differences linked to post-hospital care, provider charges (8/5/13)]

Adverse Events <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/hospitals/30-percent-rehabilitation-hospital-patients-experience-harm-study-finds OIG report: 30% of rehab hospital patients experience harm (7/21/16)]

Behavioral Health <br>
* [http://kcur.org/post/shortage-psychiatrists-leads-patients-costly-er-hospitalization#stream/0 Shortage of Psychiatrists Leads Patients to Costly ER, Hospitalization (5/23/17)]
* [http://blog.acphospitalist.org/2016/12/suicide-psychiatric-care-and-inadequate.html Suicide rate in America has risen by 24% in the last 15 years associated with a significant reduction in the numbers of psychiatric beds available. (12/28/16)]
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2016/10/19/report-more-than-half-of-mentally-ill-u-s-adults-get-no-treatment/ More than half of mentally ill U.S. adults get no treatment (10/19/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/scarcity-of-mental-health-care-means-patients-especially-kids-land-in-er/amp/ Scarcity Of Mental Health Care Means Patients — Especially Kids — Land In ER (10/17/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/patient-flow/suicidal-patients-often-wait-hours-for-hospital-beds.html Suicidal patients often wait hours for hospital beds (9/20/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/screening-positive-for-depression-doesnt-mean-youll-get-treatment-study-finds/amp/ Most Americans who screen positive for depression don’t receive treatment — while most who did receive treatment don’t actually have the condition. (8/29/16)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2016/08/10/suicide-prevention-access-to-behavioral-health-services-lacking/  Over 80% of individuals who had an emergency department visit for self-harm did not receive treatment from a specialty behavioral health provider in the 90 days before their emergency department visit. (8/10/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/patient-flow/amid-shortage-number-of-psychiatric-beds-in-us-down-13-from-2010.html Number of psychiatric beds in US down 13% from 2010. (8/2/16)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/7/1271.abstract Population Of US Practicing Psychiatrists Declined, 2003–13, Which May Help Explain Poor Access To Mental Health Care (7/2016)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/6/1052.full In fighting an opiod epidemic, medication-assisted treatment is effective but underused (6/2016)] 
* [http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/02/depression-screening-primary-care/462933/ Why Depression Screenings Should Be Part of Routine Check-Ups (2/16/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/us-task-force-recommends-physicians-screen-all-adult-patients-for-depression.html US task force recommends physicians screen all adult patients for depression (1/26/16)]
* [http://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/samhsa-fy2016-congressional-justification.pdf More than half of people with mental illnesses and 90 percent of people with substance use disorders do not get specialty care services. (2016)]
* [http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/10/why-80-percent-of-addicts-cant-get-treatment/410269/ 80% of people who are dependent on heroin or painkillers are not getting treatment (10/13/15)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/10/01/the-forgotten-chronic-disease-mental-health-among-teens-and-young-adults/ Approximately one in five Americans—including children, teens, college youth, and adults—has a mental health problem. Majority of children with mental health conditions are not identified and lack access to treatment. Barriers include: Stigma, Inadequate screening by primary care providers, Trouble finding treatment, Failure to implement evidence-based therapies, Slow implementation of research findings (10/1/15)]
* [http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/24/addiction-treatment-shortage/27181773/ Addiction treatment hard to find, even as overdose deaths soar (5/24/15)]
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2014/07/troubling-deficiencies-mental-health-system.html The troubling deficiencies in our mental health system (7/4/14)]

Emergency Room <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/10k-patients-die-each-year-within-7-days-of-leaving-a-hospital-er-study-finds.html 10k patients die each year within 7 days of leaving a hospital ER, study finds. (2/1/17)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2016/11/valuable-retail-clinics-havent-resulted-lower-er-visits/ While valuable, retail clinics haven’t resulted in lower ER visits (11/14/16)]
* [https://www.excellusbcbs.com/wps/portal/xl/!ut/p/b0/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOJDQoNMfMw9jAzcPQPMDTxNwnyCLc0DjAyCjfQLsh0VAfw_Qe0!/?WCM_PORTLET=PC_Z7_TUR4L7H20GIP70I4VLS97P2020000199_WCM&WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/default/excellus/our+company/news+room/news+releases/excellus+corporate+news/corpnr-06apr2016-alternatives+for+potentially+preventable+nys+hospital+er+visits+examined 10 common conditions represent more than 2 million annual visits to NY State hospital ERs at an estimated cost of about $1.3 billion, and 9 out of 10 of them could have been avoided or treated elsewhere (4/6/16).]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/most-2012-minnesota-ed-visits-were-unnecessary Most 2012 Minnesota ED visits were unnecessary. The more than 1 million ED visits may have been prevented (7/23/15)]
* [http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertglatter/2015/06/01/er-revisit-rates-higher-than-previously-thought-often-more-costly-than-initial-visits/#2669acb66893 ER Revisit Rates Higher Than Previously Thought, Often More Costly Than Initial Visits (6/1/15)]

Medications <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/opioids/study-prolonged-opioid-use-is-the-most-common-postsurgical-complication.html Study: Prolonged opioid use is the most common postsurgical complication (4/12/17)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/20/502470255/opioids-can-derail-the-lives-of-older-people-too Study of Medicare recipients found about 15% were prescribed an opioid when they were discharged from the hospital; three months later, 42% were still taking the pain medicine. (12/20/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/physicians-prescribe-wrong-antibiotic-half-of-the-time.html Physicians prescribe wrong antibiotic half of the time (10/25/16)]
* [http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-pharmaceuticals-costs-idUSKBN0NY08H20150513 575,000 Americans used at least $50,000 in prescription medicines last year, about 139,000 used at least $100,000 worth of medication (5/13/15)]
* [http://khn.org/news/americas-other-drug-problem-copious-prescriptions-for-hospitalized-elderly/amp/ ‘America’s other drug problem’: Giving the elderly too many prescriptions. 74-year-old woman with a long history of health problems was in the hospital with pneumonia and difficulty breathing. Her medical records showed she was on 36 medications. (8/15/16)]

Medical Errors <br>
* [http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20160504/NEWS/160509962/medical-errors-may-kill-250000-a-year-but-problem-not-being-tracked Medical errors may kill 250,000 a year, but problem not being tracked (5/4/16)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/medical-errors-officially-third-leading-cause-death-u-s-study-finds Medical errors officially the third leading cause of death in U.S., study finds (5/3/16)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/medication-errors-occur-half-surgeries-mgh-study-finds Medication errors or unintended drug side effects occurred in about half of all surgeries done at Boston's Massachusetts General Hospital (10/26/15)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/study-medical-error-deaths-4-5-times-more-likely-than-iom-estimate.html Study: Medical Error Deaths 4.5 Times More Likely Than IOM Estimate 9/20/13)]''Medical Decisions''' <br>

Observation Stays <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/1-5-medicare-patients-return-to-hospital-after-observation-stay 1 in 5 Medicare patients return to hospital after an observation stay (6/21/17)]

Readmission to Hospitals
* [http://khn.org/news/some-seniors-just-want-to-be-left-alone-which-can-lead-to-problems/ 28% of patients offered home health care when they’re being discharged from a hospital — mostly older adults — say “no” to those service. (6/15/17)]
* [http://www.mcolblog.com/kcblog/2017/6/9/centura-health-shares-strategies-for-reducing-readmissions-i.html Centura Health Shares Strategies for Reducing Readmissions in Bundled Payment Arrangementsfor total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) (6/9/17)] 
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/one-5-hospital-discharges-has-vital-sign-red-flags 1 in 5 hospital patients discharged with unstable vital signs--a likely cause of deaths, readmissions (8/10/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/more-than-half-of-hospitals-to-be-penalized-for-excess-readmissions/amp/ The government will punish more than half of the nation’s hospitals — a total of 2,597 — having more patients than expected return within a month. (8/2/16)]
* [http://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2013/rwjf404178 One in five elderly patients is back in the hospital within 30 days of leaving (11/2013)]

===Medical Decisions ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Medical_Decisions_Determinants Medical Decisions Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://familiesusa.org/press-release/2016/proven-best-choices-guides-health-care-options-launched-icer-and-families-usa Proven Best Choices Creates Guides to Offer Patients and Physicians Easy-to-Understand Advice on ‘Best Value’ Options for Breast Cancer Screening and Prostate Cancer Treatments (1/21/16)]
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2013/08/doctors-patients-critically-medical-decisions.html How should doctors and patients look critically at medical decisions?] (8/16/13)
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2013/08/medical-interventions-5050-informs-patient.html Many medical interventions are 50/50: Who informs the patient? (8/13/2013)]

Evidence-Based Practice <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/practices/primary-care-docs-may-struggle-to-find-high-quality-evidence-to-support-clinical Primary care doctors have trouble finding the evidence they need to guide clinical decisions. A study of Georgia 721 topics from online references for generalists and found only 18% of the recommendations were based on high-quality, patient-oriented evidence. (6/21/17)]

Medical Intervention Efficacy <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/finance/18-low-value-tests-cost-minnesota-patients-54-9m-mayo-and-state-study.html 18 'low-value' tests cost Minnesota patients $54.9M, Mayo and state study finds (6/2/17)]
* [http://khn.org/news/for-knee-pain-experts-say-dont-think-about-scoping-it/ A review of 13 studies, involving nearly 1,700 patients, found that arthroscopic surgery for patients with degenerative knee problems did not provide lasting pain relief or improve function. (5/10/17)]
* [http://www.bmj.com/content/356/bmj.j1131 Total knee replacement of patients with knee osteoarthritis had minimal effects on quality of life. If procedure were restricted to more severely affected patients, its effectiveness would rise, with practice becoming economically more attractive than its current use. (3/28/17)]
* [http://khn.org/news/one-in-three-women-with-breast-cancer-treated-unnecessarily-study-concludes/amp/ One In Three Women With Breast Cancer Treated Unnecessarily, Study Concludes (1/9/17)]
* [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1606220?af=R&rss=currentIssue& At a median of 10 years, prostate-cancer–specific mortality was low irrespective of the treatment assigned, with no significant difference among treatments. (10/13/16)]
* [https://www.statnews.com/2016/10/12/mammogram-overdiagnose-breast-cancer/ For every woman in whom mammography detected a breast cancer that was destined to become large and potentially life-threatening, about four are diagnosed with one that would never have threatened their health (10/12/16)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/why-medically-unnecessary-surgeries-still-happen.html 400,000 middle-aged and older Americans undergo meniscus surgery. Studies have concluded that meniscus surgery offers no additional benefits regular exercise could not. (8/5/16)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2015/12/03/taking-stock-of-choosing-wisely/ Roughly 93 percent of quality measures and initiatives have focused on underuse. Choosing Wisely focuses on the overuse that impacts quality and safety (12/3/15)]
* [http://thehealthcareblog.com/blog/2015/05/22/credibility-of-evidence-a-reconsideration-of-the-logic-and-strength-of-our-healthcare-decisions/ Credibility of Evidence: A Reconsideration of the Logic and Strength of Our Healthcare Decisions (5/22/15)]
* [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/05/11/overkill-atul-gawande OVERKILL: An avalanche of unnecessary medical care is harming patients physically and financially. What can we do about it? (5/11/15)]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/03/upshot/if-patients-only-knew-when-more-information-means-less-treatment.html If Patients Only Knew How Often Treatments Could Harm Them (3/2/15)]
* [http://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/in-brief/2015/jan/choosing-wisely-a-growing-international-campaign Choosing Wisely: In addition to wasting valuable resources, the unnecessary use of medical tests, treatments, and procedures can sometimes harm patients (1/20/15)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2014/09/study-fear-lawsuits-drives-docs-order-unnecessary-diagnostics-hospitalization/ Study of 4,215 orders shows $226 spent per patient on unnecessary care (9/16/14)]
* [http://www.livescience.com/46851-antibiotics-wrongly-prescribed-influenza-cdc.html Doctors Wrongly Prescribed Antibiotics in 30% of 2013 Flu Cases, Stays Study (7/17/14)]
* [http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1868536 Medicare spent $8.5 billion on 26 measures of low-value care (7/2014)]
* [http://www.reuters.com/article/us-knee-replacement-inappropriate-idUSKBN0F52LC20140630 One-third of knee replacements in the U.S. may be inappropriate (6/30/14)]

Misdiagnosis <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-physician-relationships/how-4-types-of-cognitive-bias-contribute-to-physician-diagnostic-errors-and-how-to-overcome-it.html How 4 types of cognitive bias contribute to physician diagnostic errors — and how to overcome them (6/9/17)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/practices/more-than-20-patients-misdiagnosed-by-primary-care-providers-study-finds More than 20% of patients misdiagnosed by primary care providers, Mayo Clinic study finds (4/4/17)]
* [http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2598265 As many as 1 in 3 adults diagnosed with asthma may not actually have the disease, according to research published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. (1/17/17)]
* [http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/09/22/iom-study-shows-errors-in-diagnosis-harm-countless-patients-each-year Institute of Medicine: Most patients will experience a misdiagnosis in their lifetime (9/22/15)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/1-in-20-patients-misdiagnosed-each-year-survey-finds.html 1 in 20 patients misdiagnosed each year, survey finds (9/4/14)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/12-million-u-s-adults-misdiagnosed-every-year.html 2 Million U.S. Adults Misdiagnosed Every Year (4/17/14)]

Second Opinions <br>
* [http://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/partners-expands-second-opinion-service-health-advocate-partnership Partners expands second-opinion service with Health Advocate partnership. Complete change in the treatment plan was recommended in 90 percent of medical cases remotely reviewed. (4/27/17)]
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-physician-relationships/88-of-second-opinions-from-mayo-physicians-result-in-different-diagnosis-study-finds.html 88% of second opinions from Mayo physicians result in different or refined diagnosis, study finds (4/4/17)]

Shared Decision Making <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/patients-with-more-say-in-treatment-have-fewer-side.html Patients with more say in treatment have fewer side effects (7/13/16)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/35/4/630.abstract Massachusetts General had over 28,000 orders for 40 patient decision aids over 10 years. (4/2016)] 
*  [http://khn.org/news/inviting-patients-to-help-decide-their-own-treatment/ Inviting Patients To Help Decide Their Own Treatment (3/16/15)]
* [http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2014/12/17/shared-decision-making-and-the-use-of-patient-decision-aids/ Shared Decision Making And The Use Of Patient Decision Aids - can lead to patients gaining knowledge, having a more accurate understanding of risks, harms and benefits, feeling less conflicted about decisions and rating themselves as less passive and less often undecided (12/17/14)]
* [http://khn.org/news/medical-advocates-can-help-guide-patients-on-difficult-care-choices/ Medical Advocates Can Help Guide Patients On Difficult Care Choices  (1/27/16)]
* [https://decisionaid.ohri.ca/odsf.html The Ottawa Decision Support Framework is an evidence-based, practical, mid-range theory for guiding patients making health or social decisions (6/22/15)]

Un-diagnosed Conditions <br>
* [http://medcitynews.com/2015/08/crowdsourcing-is-being-used-to-help-diagnose-those-patients-who-have-doctors-stumped/ Crowdsourcing is being used to help diagnose those patients who have doctors stumped (8/19/15)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2015/07/undiagnosed-chronic-conditions/ A survey by HealthMine revealed that 46% of the people who discovered they had a previously undiagnosed chronic condition received the diagnosis through their employer wellness program. (7/11/15)]

===Patient Dialog & Monitoring ''Insight''===
[[Insight]]s into [http://www.patientdeterminants.org/index.php?title=Determinants#Patient_Dialog_.26_Monitoring_Determinants Patient Dialog & Monitoring Determinants] that can decisively affect a patient's overall health and well-being.
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-physician-relationships/physicians-spend-twice-as-much-time-on-ehr-desk-work-than-with-patients.html Physicians spend twice as much time on EHR, desk work than with patients (9/6/16)]
* [http://cardiology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2521453 Study found a failure by cardiologists to correctly recognize which of their patients were nonadherent with medications (7/2016)]
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/healthcare/most-patients-don-t-understand-post-discharge-care-plans-study-finds Most patients don't understand post-discharge care plans, study finds (1/6/2016)]
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/34/6/993.abstract Physician Characteristics Strongly Predict Patient Enrollment In Hospice (6/2015)]
* [http://mashable.com/2014/05/01/get-help-anonymously/#XcWpnilo6uq7  4 Ways to Reach Out for Mental Health Help Anonymously (5/1/14)]
* [http://khn.org/news/making-the-human-condition-computable/ Dr. Patrick Soon-Shiong is working on wearable, real-time monitors to enable doctors to “interrogate” a person’s individual blood cells “all the way down to the atom level” to see how a given drug works or why it fails. (12/11/14)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/03/377569539/even-some-doctors-fear-these-10-questions The difficulty of asking questions about "adverse childhood experiences" that identifies health risks (3/3/15)]
* [http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/24/394927484/many-doctors-who-diagnose-alzheimers-fail-to-tell-the-patient Many Doctors Who Diagnose Alzheimer's Fail To Tell The Patient (3/24/15)]

Access to Medical Care <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/patient-engagement/10-statistics-about-treating-patients-with-complex-needs.html In a survey of high-need patients (2 or more major chronic conditions like heart failure, stroke or diabetes requiring insulin, among other factors), 19% used the ED instead of a physician's office or a clinic, 44% delayed care in the past year because of inhibited access. 22% reported a lack of transportation as a reason for delaying care. 95% have a regular physician or place of care, only 35% said it was somewhat or very easy to get medical care after hours without visiting an ED, compared to 53% of other adults (12/9/16)]
* [http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertpearl/2016/07/07/how-the-immense-gap-between-physicians-and-patients-threatens-all-of-us/#1f7cd3ca67f8 Access to medical care in the evenings and on weekends. 32% of doctors say they see patients in person and only 58% say they provide advice by telephone 24/7. Only 38% of patients say they can obtain medical advice by telephone during off-hours. 2% of patients are able to engage in a video visit with their physicians. (7/7/16)]

Digital Communications <br>
* [http://www.cio.com/article/3195891/cio-role/kaiser-cio-shares-it-lessons-for-the-future-of-healthcare.html Kaiser Permanente crossed an important threshold last year when 52 percent of its patient interactions were digital. (5/10/17)]
* [http://www.imedicalapps.com/2016/11/mhealth-monitor-patients-physicians/ 58% of people in the U.S. with a smartphone shared information with a medical professional using a mobile or wearable device. And 25% used email or text to send a photo of a medical issue to their doctor. (11/15/16)]
* [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/29/doctors-facebook-telehealth_n_7662774.html Communicating With Your Doctor On Facebook May Be The Future Of Healthcare (6/29/15)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2014/07/healthcrowd-pilot-finds-mobile-engagement-medicaid-patients-cost-effective/ Pilot project finds mobile engagement with Medicaid patients ‘most cost-effective’ (7/29/14)]
* [http://mobihealthnews.com/35160/nearly-half-of-kaiser-permanentes-members-use-my-health-manager/ Nearly half of Kaiser Permanente's members use online health management platform (7/25/14)]
* Electronic Communication - [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-012-2329-5 71% of vulnerable patient populations want to use electronic communication with health care providers.] (2/20/13)

Depression Screening <br>
* [http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/early/2017/02/16/hlthaff.2016.1231  A study found that only 4% of adults were screened for depression during primary care visits. (2/23/17)]

Doctor Patient Discussions <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/practices/language-doctors-use-to-talk-to-diabetes-patients-makes-a-difference The language doctors use to talk to diabetes patients makes a difference to success (6/14/17)]
* [http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2016/09/prudent-antibiotic-prescribing-lowers-patient-satisfaction.html How prudent antibiotic prescribing lowers patient satisfaction (9/13/16)]
* [http://khn.org/news/attending-to-the-human-element-is-key-to-keeping-patients-healthy/amp/ Study recommends improving communication with racial minorities and lower-income patients, such as better bedside manner (so patients trust their doctors), communication that is easily understood by everyday people and willingness to discuss how price fits into consumers’ health decisions. (9/2/16)]
* [http://www.rwjf.org/en/culture-of-health/2016/06/costs_of_care_getti.html Doctors and patients want to talk transparently about the costs and value of health care, but it’s easier said than done. (6/15/16)]
* [http://medcitynews.com/2014/09/get-10-minutes-doctor-2/ Why Do I Only Get 10 Minutes With My Doctor? (9/18/14)]
* [http://khn.org/news/15-minute-doctor-visits/ 15-Minute Visits Take A Toll On The Doctor-Patient Relationship (4/21/14)]

Health Coaching <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/population-health/the-underrated-value-of-coaching-in-healthcare-4-thoughts-from-population-health-expert-dr-william-appelgate.html The underrated value of coaching in healthcare: 4 thoughts from population health expert Dr. William Appelgate (1/25/17)]

Patient Provided Data
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/analytics/how-university-rochester-medical-center-uses-patient-generated-data-to-set-expectations University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) collects patient-reported outcomes by using a Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), which requires patients to answer five to seven questions on a tablet. (7/6/17)] 
* [http://www.annfammed.org/content/15/2/158.abstract Patients Typing Their Own Visit Agendas Into an Electronic Medical Record. Patients and clinicians agreed that the agendas improved patient-clinician communication. (3/2017)]

Remote Monitoring <br>
* [http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2488923#Results Study finds readmissions nearly the same for heart failure patients using remote patient monitoring (3/2016)]
* [http://mobihealthnews.com/content/scripps-wired-health-study-results-show-no-clinical-or-economic-benefit-digital-health Scripps Wired for Health study shows no clinical or economic benefit from digital health monitoring (1/19/16)]
* [http://www.mhealthtalk.com/can-fall-monitoring-technology-keep-elders-safe/ Can Fall Monitoring Technology Keep Elders Safe? (4/7/14)]
* [http://www.mddionline.com/article/digital-health-dominates-ces-2014-%E2%80%93-3-trends-watch-3 Brookings Institute analysis, remote monitoring technologies could save the U.S. healthcare system $197 billion between 2010 and 2035. (1/9/14)]

Text Messaging <br>
* [http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/mobile/despite-privacy-hoops-text-messaging-offers-unprecedented-convenience Despite privacy hoops, text messaging offers ‘unprecedented convenience’ (5/11/17)]

Virtual Visits <br>
* [http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/telehealth/rural-telehealth-use-for-mental-illness-sees-uptick-of-45-yearly-10-study-insights.html Rural telehealth use for mental illness sees uptick of 45% yearly (5/2/17)]